Cognitive Psych Chapter 11: Decisions, Judgement And Reasoning

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Syllogism:

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classic reasoning form composed oftwo premises and one conclusion in which the logical trurth of the conclusionmust be derived from the premises

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Rule of syllogistic -

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syllogisticreasoning are that the truth of the premises is separate from the validity ofthe argument.

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On a probability

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- based rather than logic basedexplanation of such reasoning

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a conditional clause

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a statement that expresses some relationship ( if P thenQ )

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Conditional Reasoning:

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- involves a logicaldetermination of whether the evidence supports, refutes, or is irrelevant tothe stated- if then relationship.

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Antecedent

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theIF cause is standard conditional reasoning( if- then ) tasks. In the statementif it rains then the picnic will be cancelled

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Consequent:

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- in conditional reasoning , is the then statement, ( if it rains, then the picnic will becancelled)

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Valid Arguments -

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Only 2 or 4 possibilities lead to a trueconclusion according to the rules of logic

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Classic name for this valid inference

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Modus Ponens

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denying the consequent, saying that theconsequent is not true,

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Modus Tollens

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Invalid arguments

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- Denying the antecedent does not permit theconclusion that the consequent is false

- Affirming the consequent does not permit theconclusion that the antecedent is true

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form errors

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·draw incorrect conclusions simply by using oneof the two valid forms, either denying the antecedent or affirming theconsequent

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Anothererror: Illicit conversion

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· reversethe propositions in the if and then

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SecondError: Confirmation bias

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inreasoning the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion

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- Errors in Conditioning:

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- 1. Form of reasoning problem -

2. Search for evidence -

3. Memory-related phenomena

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Mentalmodels

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themental representation of a situation of physical device; for example, a physical motion of bodies or a persons mental model of athermostat

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Hypothesis Testing

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- Importance of conditional reasoning derives fromits connection to scientific hypothesis testing

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Psycho-physics

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- relationship between physical stimuli and theperceived characteristics of those stimuli, how perceptual experience differsfrom the physical stimulation that is being perceived

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- Research on psychophysics investigatespsychological experience of perceiving those stimuli

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discoveredthat: subjective experience of magnitude, regardless of particular dimensionsinvolved (brightness, loudness or the like)

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Just Noticable Change

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the amount of changeneeded for people to detect the change

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Distanceof discriminability Effect

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thegreater the distance of differences between the two stimuli being compared,faster the decision that they differ

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- Symbolic comparison

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- comparison not between twophysical objects of stimuli but between two symbols

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Symbolic distance effect

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is person making themental comparison and forming the judgment

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Simplephysical distance effect

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2stimuli can be discriminated more quickly when they differ more 3

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Semantic congruity effect

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- subjects decision isfaster when the dimension being judged matches or is congruent with the impliedsemantic dimension in the figure

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Semantic Orderings

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- We make judgements based on stored knowledge -

The form of that knowledge can distort ourjudgements to a surpising degree

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Algorithm

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- a specific rule or solution procedurethat is certain to yield the correct answer if followed correctly - -provides systematic and orderly procedure toanswer question

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2.Heuristic:

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aninformal “rule of thumb” method for solving problems, not necessarily that correct

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Heauristic approach-

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- prone to distortions,inaccuracies and omissions