Chapter 6 - Learning And Remembering

Front 1

Accessibility

Back 1

Degree to which information can be retrieved from memory. A memory is said to be accessible if it is retrievable.

Front 2

Amnesia

Back 2

Memory Loss caused by brain damage or injury. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memory for information before the damage, anterograde amnesia is loss of memory for information after the damage.

Front 3

Available

Back 3

Present in the memory system.

Front 4

Consolidation

Back 4

The more permanent establishment of memories in the neural architecture.

Front 5

Cued Recall

Back 5

A form of recall in which the person is presented with part of the information as a cue to retrieve the rest of the information.

Front 6

Declarative Memory

Back 6

Long-term memory knowledge that can be retrieved then reflected on consciously.

Front 7

Dissociation

Back 7

Pattern of abilities and performance, revealing that one cognitive process can be disrupted while another remains intact.

Front 8

Distributed Practive

Back 8

This occurs when the practice sessions are spaced out in time. This is a more effective way of encoding information.

Front 9

Dual Coding Hypothesis (Paivio)

Back 9

According to Paivio, concrete words can be encoded into memory twice, once as verbal symbols and once as image based symbols, thus increasing the likelihood that they will be recalled or remembered.

Front 10

Elaborative Rehearsal

Back 10

In the levels of processing framework, elaborative rehearsal involves any rehearsal activity that processes a stimulus into the deeper, more meaningful levels of memory. Any rehearsal that involves meaning, images and other complex information from long term memory.

Front 11

Enactment Effect

Back 11

The finding of improved memory for participant performed tasks, relative to those that are not acted out.

Front 12

Encoding Specificity

Back 12

Tulving's hypothesis that the specific nature of an item's encoding, including all the context that it was encoded in, determines how effectively the item can be retrieved.

Front 13

Episodic Memory

Back 13

Tulving's term for the portion of long-term memory in which personally experienced information is stored.

Front 14

Explicit Memory

Back 14

Long-term memory retrieval or performance that entails deliberate recollection or awareness.

Front 15

Free Recall

Back 15

the memory task in which that list items may be recalled in any order regardless of the order they were presented.

Front 16

Generation effect

Back 16

The finding that information you generate or create yourself is better remembered compared to information you only heard or read.

Front 17

HERA Model (Hemispheric Encoding/Retrival Asymmetry)

Back 17

Tulving's attempt to explain patterns of neural data. In general, the left hemisphere is more involved in episodic encoding and semantic retrieval, whereas the right hemisphere is more involved in episodic retrieval.

Front 18

Implicit memory

Back 18

Long-term memory performance affected by prior experience with no necessary awareness of the influence.

Front 19

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 19

In the levels of processing approach, rehearsal that merely repeats, recycles or refreshes information at a particular level via repetition, without processing it to deeper more meaningful levels of storage.

Front 20

Massed Practice

Back 20

When information is studied as a part of one large session. This is a less effective means of memory encoding. (Cramming)

Front 21

Metacognition

Back 21

Awareness and monitoring of one's own cognitive state or condition; knowledge about one's own cognitive processes and memory system.

Front 22

Metamemory

Back 22

Knowledge about one's own memory system and its functioning.

Front 23

Method of Loci

Back 23

Classic mnemonic device in which the to-be-remembered items are mentally placed, one by one, into a set of pre-memorized locations, with retrieval consisting of a mental walk through the locations.

Front 24

Mnemonic Device

Back 24

Any mental device or strategy that provides a useful rehearsal strategy for storing and remembering difficult material.

Front 25

Organization

Back 25

the tendency to recall related words together or the tendency to impose some form of grouping or clustering on information being stored in/retrieved from memory. Related to chunking.

Front 26

Pair-Associate Learning

Back 26

A task in which pairs of items, respectively the stimulus and response items, are to be learned, so that upon presentation of the stimulus, the response term can be re-called; a favorite learning task during the verbal learning period of human experimental psychology.

Front 27

Part-Set Cuing Effect

Back 27

the finding that if you cue people with part of the list of words, they will have more difficulty recalling the rest of the set than if they had not been cued at all.

Front 28

Recognition Task

Back 28

Any yes/no task in which the subjects are asked to judge whether they have seen the stimulus before; often including a reaction time measurement.

Front 29

Rehearsal

Back 29

The mental repetition or practicing of some to-be-learned material.

Front 30

Relearning Task

Back 30

A task in which some material is learned, set aside for a period of time, then relearned to the same criterion in hopes that the relearning will take less time or effort to achieve the same level of accuracy.

Front 31

Repetition Priming

Back 31

A priming effect caused by the exact repetition of a stimulus; often used in implicit memory tests.

Front 32

retrieval cue

Back 32

Any cue, hint or piece of information used to prompt retrieval of some target information

Front 33

Ribot's Law

Back 33

for retrograde amnesia, memory is more affected the closer it is to the time of the injury, with older memories being more likely to be preserved.

Front 34

Self-reference Effect

Back 34

the finding that memory is generally better for information that is related to the self in some way.

Front 35

Semantic Memory

Back 35

The long-term memory component in which general knowledge is stored.

Front 36

Serial Recall

Back 36

A recall task in which the subjects must recall the items in their original order of presentation.

Front 37

Subjective organization

Back 37

The grouping or organizing of items that are to be learned according to some scheme or basis devised subject.

Front 38

Visual imagery

Back 38

the mental representation of visual information; the skill or ability to remember visual information.

Front 39

Von Restorff Effect

Back 39

In a recall task, the elevated accuracy for an item that was noticeably different during list presentation, for instance, because it was written in a different color of ink.