Child Development (Ch.5,6,7)

Front 1

When is there a rapid pace of growth?

Back 1

The first two years of life.

5 months- 15 lbs

1 year- 22 lbs, 30 inches tall

2 years- 3 feet tall

Front 2

Cephalocaudal Principle

Back 2

Growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts, and then proceeds to the rest of the body

Front 3

Proximodistal Principle

Back 3

Development proceeds from the center of the body outwards

Front 4

Principle of Hierarchial Integration

Back 4

Simple skills typically develop separately and independently, but these simple skills are integrated into more complex ones

Front 5

Principle of the Independence of Systems

Back 5

Different body systems grow at different rates

Front 6

Neurons

Back 6

Nerve cells

Front 7

Dendrites

Back 7

Cluster of fibers

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

The part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other nuerons

Front 9

Neurotransmitters

Back 9

Chemical messengers

Front 10

Synapses

Back 10

Small gaps between neurons

Front 11

Synaptic Pruning

Back 11

If certain nerve connections are not stimulated by a baby's experiences, then they are eliminated

Front 12

Myelin

Back 12

A fatty substance that provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

Front 13

Cerebral Cortex

Back 13

The upper level of the brain

Front 14

When do the synapses and myelinization experience a growth spurt in the area of the cortex involving auditory and visual skills?

Back 14

3-4 months

Front 15

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Back 15

An infant is taken by a caretaker, usually out of frustration or anger due to baby's crying, which can lead the brain to rotate within the skull. This can cause several medical problems, speech disabilities, and long term physical disabilities such as blindness and hearing impairment. 25% of babies who are shaken ultimately die

Front 16

Plasticity

Back 16

The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

Front 17

Sensitive Period

Back 17

A specific, but limited, time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development

Front 18

Rhythms

Back 18

Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior such as wakefulness to sleep, and breathing and sucking patterns

Front 19

State

Back 19

The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stiumlation

Front 20

Sleep and Infants

Back 20

Most babies do not sleep through the night for several months and REM sleep consumes 1/2 of their sleep. The brain waves of infants appear to be qualitatively different than sleeping adults, and research suggest that this provides a means for the brain to stimulate itself. Long and short term stressors can an infants environment can affect their sleep patterns.

Front 21

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Back 21

A disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep. Males, African Americans, and babies with low birth weights or low APGAR scores are at higher risk for SIDS. Parents often feel guilt.

Front 22

Reflexes

Back 22

Unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of a certain stimuli (swimming reflex, eye blink reflex). They stimulate parts of the brain responsible for more complex behaviors, helping them develop.

Front 23

Absence of a Reflex

Back 23

The absence of a reflex at a certain point of infancy can provide a clue that something may be amiss in an infant's development.

Front 24

Gross Motor Skills

Back 24

Infants accomplish some movement

Front 25

Fine Motor Skills

Back 25

Infants show some ability to coordinate the movements of their limbs

Front 26

Dynamic Systems Theory

Back 26

Motor behaviors are assembled

ex. crawling requires the coordination of muscles, cognition, and motivation

Front 27

Normas

Back 27

Represent the average performance of a large sample of children at a given age

Front 28

Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale

Back 28

A measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment

Front 29

What happens to infants when they don't have the proper nutrition?

Back 29

They can't reach their physical potential and may suffer cognitive and social consequences. They need 50 calories for each pound.

Front 30

Bottle vs. Breast

Back 30

In the 1940s, childcare experts recommend the bottle, but today, experts recommend breastfeeding, as it is more easily digested, sterile, and convenient. It also creates intimacy between a mother and infant and creates a feeling of well being within the mother.

Front 31

Malnutrition

Back 31

The condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients. This is a larger problem in developing countries, and can lead to several disorders.

Front 32

Undernutrition

Back 32

Some deficiency in diet

Front 33

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive

Back 33

Children stop growing due to lack of stimulation and attention from parents rather than because of biological factors

Front 34

Obesity

Back 34

Weight greater than 20% above the average for given height

Front 35

Principles of Development

Back 35

People develop at different rates, it is relatively orderly, and takes place gradually. The brain is only 25% of its adult weight, although they are born with all their neurons.

Front 36

Brain at Birth

Back 36

Neurons communication through dendrites and axons and don't touch each other, but are neurotransmitter at synapses.

Front 37

Structure of Neurons

Back 37

Alzheimer's- Myelin sheath is deteriorating

Front 38

Types of Neurons

Back 38

Sensory- carries info from sensory systems to the brain, afferent

Motor- carry intro from the brain to muscles and other glands, efferent

Interneurons- carry info between the neurons

Front 39

Glial Cells

Back 39

Cells that insulate and support neurons, create the myelin sheath, remove waste products, provide nourishment, and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain.

Front 40

The Neural Impulse

Back 40

All or none law- a neuron either fires or it doesn't and when it does, it will always produce an impulse of the same strength

Front 41

The Synapse

Back 41

The synaptic space in the gap between neurons, and the terminal button is the enlarged area at the end of an axon.

Front 42

Transmission Between Neurons

Back 42

Synaptic vessels, neurotransmitters, and receptor sites. Neurotransmitters give us action.

Front 43

7 Neurotransmitters (Important Ones)

Back 43

Dopamine- pleasure and reward; voluntary movement

Serotonin- regulates sleep, dreaming, mood, appetite and sexual behavior

Norepinephrine- controls heartrate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance, and appetite

Acetylcholine- primary transmitter used by neurons carrying messages from CNS; involved in some kinds of learning and memory

GABA- prevalent neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS

Glutamine- primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; involved in learning and memory

Endorphins- pleasurable sensations and control of pain

Front 44

Psychopharmacology

Back 44

Most psychoactive drugs and toxins work by blocking or enhancing synaptic transmission

Front 45

Sensation

Back 45

The physical stimulation of the sense organs

Front 46

Perception

Back 46

The mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain

Front 47

Sound Localization

Back 47

Permits us to pinpoint the direction from which a sound is emanating

Front 48

What auditory perception skills do infants have?

Back 48

They hear from before birth, and react to changes in musical key in rhythm. 1 month olds can make a distinction between two similar sounds, such as different voices.

Front 49

What visual perception skills do infants have?

Back 49

They can see about as well as the uncorrected vision of many adults who wear glasses or contact lenses. Around 14 weeks, they acquire binocular vision, or the ability to combine the images coming into each eye to see depth and motion. They show visual preferences, such a stimulating images that include patterns and certain colors, shapes , and configurations.

Front 50

Sense of Smell

Back 50

Extremely developed, some infants could recognize mother by smell alone.

Front 51

Taste

Back 51

Infants can develop taste preferences based on what the mother drank while the infant was in the womb, and show disgust when they taste something bitter. They have an innate sweet tooth.

Front 52

Pain

Back 52

Infants experience pain

Front 53

Touch

Back 53

One of the most highly developed sensory systems. Touch plays an important role in their future development, for it triggers a complex chemical reaction that assists infant survival

Front 54

Multimodal Approach to Perception

Back 54

Considers how info that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated

Front 55

Affordances

Back 55

The options that a given situation or stimulus provides

Front 56

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Back 56

Action = Knowledge

All children pass through a series of four universe stages: sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Front 57

Schemes

Back 57

Organized patterns of functioning, that adapt and change with mental development