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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviour is ... |
1. Lawful - is controlled by environmental events occurring in lose temporal relation to the behaviour. - Environment is controlling the behaviour somehow- can be within the person "thoughts and feelings" - |
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3 Term Contingency ABC |
1. Antecedent- what happens before the behaviour (The SD) 2. Behaviour- the behaviour that occurs- can be adaptive or maladaptive (R) 3. The consequence- what happens after the behaviour is it reinforced or punished (SR/SP) |
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1. Respondent Behaviour |
- we are born with these behaviours- ready made behaviours to protect us, they regulate us (temperature) and promote reproduction (evolution) - our autonomic nervous system - reflexive- fight or flight - survival value- biological basis - elicited by antecedents (US->UR) |
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e.g. of respondent behaviour |
Stimulus (environment) response (behaviour) air puff--> eye blink food in mouth--> salivation low temperature--> shivering pain stimulus --> body part withdrawal |
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2. Operant behaviour |
- learned (controlled bye consequences) by reinforcement or punishment eg. response (behaviour ) consequence 1. Baby waving bye (developmental milestones) 2. Tantrums (problem behaviour) 3. Speaking French (learning new skills) |
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Consequences of Operant behaviour |
- selection based on history of consequences for that particular individual - reinforcement history - punishment history - extinction - you shape people's behaviour |
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Conditioning 1. Respondent Conditioning (on A side of 3 term contingency) |
- when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with a US (intentionally or unintentionally) the result is that - the NS becomes the CS (conditioned stimulus) and elicits a CR (conditioned response) - after a certain number of pairings the stimulus elicits the behaviour - stimulus= sounds clicks, (very loaded words that are neutral until we give them meaning) |
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Respondent behaviours.. |
- are elicited by antecedent stimuli - US elicits a UR - CS elicits a CR |
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to consider...
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1. Timing of pairing (trace conditioning, delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning or backwards conditioning) 2. higher order conditioning (CS paired with another CS elicits the same CR 3. Discrimination and Generalization of respondent behaviour |
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5 Factors that Influence Respondent Conditioning 1. Nature of the US and CS |
- In general a more intense stimulus is more effective as a US - making sure the US is novel like a click, not a phone ringing - The MORe intense the MORE salient-- stronger puff of air in the eye |
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2. Temporal Relationships between the CS and the US |
- for conditioning to be most effective the NS should PRECEDE the US,
- and the interval between the two should be very short- less than a second |
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3. Contingency between the CS (NS) and the US |
- the NS and the US are presented together on EVERY trial
- conditioning is much morel likely to occur than not if the US is not presented after the NS ins one trials or if one is presented without the other |
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4. Number of Pairings |
- the more number of pairings of the NS (Bell) and the US (air) the stronger the conditioning in general
- although the first pairing is sufficient to establish the NS as a CS, more pairings the better - |
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5. Previous Exposure to the CS |
- a stimulus is less likely to become a CS when paired with a US if the person has been exposed to that stimulus in the pas with the US eg. the phone ringing in the past and nothing happening - or having a family pet, dog unlikely to become a CS |
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2. Operant Conditioning (C side of contingency) |
- the role of consequences influences the future frequency of behaviour - behaviour constantly changes as a result of consequences (sum of consequences) - How many times do you have to be reinforced after a behaviour to be shaped - SD/EO evokes a behaviour |
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Operant Conditioning Cont'd... |
- OC established a functional relationship between behaviour and certain antecedent conditions (what happens before the behaviour) - a behaviour occurring more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others is called discriminated operant |
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EG. |
we answer the phone when it's ringing not when it's silent- so answering the phone (discriminative operant behaviour) is under the discriminative stimulus control of a phone ringing) |
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Behaviour occurs due to 1. Classical respondent conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Motivating Operations (EO/AO's) |
1. evolved due to biological survival value. is elicited- by stimulus stimulus pairing 2/ process and selective effects of consequences- Increase in response frequency= reinforcement, decrease of response frequency= punishment, elimination of response= extinction 3. value altering effects, behaviour altering effects |
