• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/13

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

13 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Punishment

a stimulus FOLLOWING behaviour that decreases/ weakens that the behaviour occurs in the future


- stimulus/ consequence that follows a particular behaviour and as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future

Punisher aka aversive stimulus

- is a consequence that makes particular behaviour less likely to occur in the future


- eg. dog bites your hand and you don't reach over the fence anymore



Positive Punishment

-the occurrence of a behaviour, followed by the PRESENTATION of an aversive stimulus and as a result the behaviour is LESS likely to occur in the future

Neg Punishment

occurrence of a behaviour followed by the REMOVAL (of a reinforcing stimulus) and as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur in the future

two common examples of neg punishment

1. time out- the loss of a reinforcing stimulus after the occurrence of a problem behaviour.


2. response cost

Factors the Influence Effectiveness of Punishment


1. Immediacy

- punishing stimulus immediately follows a behaviour of when the loss of reinforcer occurs immediately after the behaviour the behaviour is more likely to be weakened


- as the delay between behaviour and consequence increases, the effectiveness of the consequence as a punisher decreases

2. Contingency

- for punishment to be most effective- the punishing stimulus should occur EVERY time the behaviour occurs

- the punishing consequence must be contingent on the behaviour when the punisher follows the behaviour every time it occurs


-punishment as with reinforcement is Less effective when applied inconsistently


3. Individual Differences and


4. Magnitude

- punishers vary from person to person

and in general more intense aversive stimulus is a more effective punisher


Problems with Punishment


1. Aggression

- punishment may produce elicited aggression or other emotional side effects


-The tendency to engage in aggressive behaviour may have survival value


emotional reaction= survival value


- aggression could receive negative reinforcement

2. Escape and Avoidance Behaviours

- the use of punishment may result in escape or avoidance behaviours by the person who is being punished


- Eg. child might run away or hide fro ma parent who is about to spank the child, sometimes ppl learn to LIE to avoid punishment



3. Negative Reinforcement for the Use of punishment

-overuse of punishment by person implementing it because it works and it works fast


- may be misused


- it results in immediate decrease in problem behaviour which negatively reinforcers the punisher to keep using it- person is more likely to use punishment in future similar circumstances

4. Punishment and Modeling

- people who observe someone making frequent use of punishment may themselves be more likely to use punishment when they arena a similar situation


- especially true for children


- observational learning of effectiveness- children model punishment

5. Ethical Issues

- debates about whether it is ethical to use punishment, especially painful or aversive stimuli to change the behaviour of others


- some say it can't be justified, others say it is justified if the behaviour is harmful or serious enough