Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are tendons and ligaments?
|
Tendons - bone to muscle
Ligaments - bone to bone |
|
|
How does bone contribute to homeostasis?
|
provides support and protection
produces blood cells stores minerals and triglycerides |
|
|
What are the types of tissue in bone?
|
bone tissue
nervous tissue blood tissue cartilage epithelial tissue (lining blood vessels) adipose tissue (medullary cavity) |
|
|
What are the functions of Bone & Skeletal System?
|
Support
Protection Assistance in Movement Mineral Homeostasis - Calcium and Phosphorous Blood Cell Production (Hemopoeisis) Triglyceride Storage (energy reserve) |
|
|
Characteristic of Bone Marrow in Newborns
|
All bone marrow is red and involved in hemopoiesis, with increasing age most of it changes to yellow
|
|
|
What is Hemopoiesis?
|
produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
|
|
|
What are the 3 main parts of the long bone?
|
Diaphysis - "shaft" of long bone
Epiphyses - joint surfaces covered with thin layer of articular cartilage metaphyses - contains epiphyseal plate which is thin layer of hyaline cartilage that allows bone to grow in length |
|
|
What is the epiphyseal line?
|
epiphyseal plate after age 21
|
|
|
What is the Articular Cartilage?
|
thin layer of hyaline where bones articulate
|
|
|
What is the periosteum?
|
outer fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer - consists of cells allow growth in thickness highly vascularized |
|
|
What are Sharpey's (perforating) fibers?
|
thick collagen fibers that connect periosteum to extracellular bone matrix
|
|
|
What are the 2 layers of the periosteal membrane?
|
Superficial layer - dense irregular tissue that resists tension placed on bone during bending
Deep Layer - osteogenic containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
|
|
What is the medullary cavity?
|
space within diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
|
|
|
What is the Endosteum?
|
thin membrane that lines internal bone surface
covers trabeculae of spongy bone lines central canal of osteons osteogenic, containing both osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
|
|
What runs through the diaphysis?
|
Nutrient artery and vein
|
|
|
What is the Nutrient Artery?
|
inward supplies bone marrow and spongy bone
outward supplies compact bone |
|
|
What are Epiphyseal veins?
|
carry blood away from long bones
|
|
|
What's different about other bones compared to long bones?
|
contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity
no diaphysis |
|
|
What is hydroxyapatite?
|
calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide (provide bone's hardness)
calcium phosphate is most abundant mineral resist compression |
|
|
What are osteogenic cells?
|
stem cells derived from mesenchyme
only bone cells that undergo division, devlop into osteoblasts |
|
|
What are osteoblasts?
|
bone building cells
initiate calicification become osteocytes |
|
|
What are osteocytes?
|
mature bone cells
exchange nutrients and waste with blood, no cell division |
|
|
What are osteoclasts?
|
fusion of 50 monocytes
secretes HCL, which dissolves mineral part of the matrix lysosomal enzymes digest organic part and collagen and dead osteocytes are taken up by phagocytosis involved in resorption and blood calcium level |
|
|
2 types of bone tissue
|
Compact - has passageways for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves, resist the stresses produced by weight and movement
spongy - called trabeculae, lack osteons, homopoiesis occurs here, within each trabecula are lacunae that contain osteocytes |
|
|
What are osteons?
|
also known as Haversian systems
structural units of arranged compact bone long, cylindrical structures, parallel to long axis of the bone miniature weight-bearing pillars |
|
|
What are lamellae?
|
layer of bony matrix in which collagen fibers and mineral crystals align
|
|
|
What are interstitial lamellae?
|
incomplete lamellae that lie between osteons
|
|
|
What are the four situations bone formation occurs?
|
1. Formation of bone in embryo and fetus
2. Growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence 3. Remodeling of bone - replacement of old bone by new bone tissue throughout life 4. Repair of fractures throughout life |
|
|
What is Intramembranous ossification?
|
bone forms directly within mesenchyme
ex. flat bones of skull and mandible "soft spots" that help fetal skull pas through birth canal later become ossified forming the skull |
|
|
What are the two types of bone formation?
|
Intramembranous and Endochondral
|
|
|
What is Endochondral Ossification?
|
Bones form within hyalin cartilage, replacement of cartilage by bone
ex. most bone of the body |
|
|
What are the four zones of growing long bone?
|
resting - small, scattered chondrocytes
proliferating - arrange like coins, chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate' hypertrophic - large, maturing chondrocytes calcified - osteoclasts dissolve the calcified cartilage, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage by endochondrial ossification |
|
|
How do bones grow in thickness?
|
appolsitional growth - growth of bone by addition of bone tissue to its surfaces
osteblasts increase thickness, osteoclasts remove bone osteoclasts occur slower leading to increase in thickness of bone |
|
|
How often are cancellous and compact bone replaced?
|
cancellous: 3-4 years
compact: 10 years |
|
|
In adults, where are bones deposited and removed?
|
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces: together contribute to bone remodeling
|
|
|
How are fractures treated?
|
by reduction, realignment of broken bone ends
closed - ends are coaxed back together open - surgically joined by pins and wires |
|
|
What are needed to strengthen and harden new bone?
|
calcium and phosphorous
|
|
|
What are the steps involved in bone fracture repair?
|
1. Formation of fracture hematoma - blot clot around fracture
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge broken ends 3. Bone Callus formation - osteoblasts produce spongy bone trabeculae to join portions of original bone fragments 4. Bone remodeling - compact bone replaces spongy |
|
|
WHat is bone's role in calcium homeostasis?
|
maintains calcium resorption into blood and deposition into bone because is needed for:
nerve and muscle cells blood clotting enzymes |
|
|
What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?
|
elevates blood calcium level
increases activity of osteoclasts acts on kidney to decrease calcium in urine stimulates calcitrol (vit D) which promotes absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract |
|
|
What is calcitonin?
|
secreted by thyroid gland
inhibits activity of osteoclasts promotes bone formation and decreases blood calcium level |
|
|
What are the role of Mg, Fe, and Mn?
|
Mg - forms bone
Fe - strengthens bone Mn - activates enzymes to make bones |
|
|
What are the steps involved in bone fracture repair?
|
1. Formation of fracture hematoma - blot clot around fracture
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge broken ends 3. Bone Callus formation - osteoblasts produce spongy bone trabeculae to join portions of original bone fragments 4. Bone remodeling - compact bone replaces spongy |
|
|
WHat is bone's role in calcium homeostasis?
|
maintains calcium resorption into blood and deposition into bone because is needed for:
nerve and muscle cells blood clotting enzymes |
|
|
What does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) do?
|
elevates blood calcium level
increases activity of osteoclasts acts on kidney to decrease calcium in urine stimulates calcitrol (vit D) which promotes absorption of calcium from foods in GI tract |
|
|
What is calcitonin?
|
secreted by thyroid gland
inhibits activity of osteoclasts promotes bone formation and decreases blood calcium level |
|
|
What are the role of Mg, Fe, and Mn?
|
Mg - forms bone
Fe - strengthens bone Mn - activates enzymes to make bones |
|
|
What is the role of collagen in bones?
|
Collagen fibers provide flexibility
|
|
|
What are the parts of an osteon?
|
central canal - run longitudinally through bone that contains blood vessels which supply nutrients to bone cells and nerve fibers
concentric lamellae - around central canals lamella - layer of bone matrix in which collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in single direction, also inhibit crack propagation lacunae - small spaces between lamellae which contain osteocytes canaliculi - extracellular fluid that connect lacunae, provide routes for nutrients and oxygen to reach osteocytes Perforating or Vokmann's canals - connect blood and nerve supply of periosteum to that of the central canal and marrow cavity |
|
|
What are the renewal rate for compact and spongy bone?
|
Compact - 4 % per year
Spongy - 20 % per year |
|
|
What are osteoporosis, rickets, and osteomalacia, Paget's disease, osteosarcoma, and osteomyelitis?
|
osteoporosis - excessive loss of calcium that weakens bones
osteomalacia & rickets - bones become too flexible, rickets in children Paget's disease - brittle bones that fracture easily Osteosarcoma - form of bone cancer Osteomyelitis - infection of bone causing Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
What are the factors that affect bone growth and remodeling?
|
Minerals - Ca, P, Mg, F, Mn
Vitamins - A: stimulates activity of osteoblasts C: synthesis of collagen D: increases absorption of calcium from food in GI tract to build bone K and B12: also needed for synthesis of bone proteins Hormones: IGF (Insulin like growth factors) hGH Thyroid Hormones Estrogen and Testosterone PTH, cacitrol, and calcitonin |
|
|
What are the types of fractures?
|
Open (compound) - broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Closed (simple) - does not break the skin Comminuted - bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces (common in elderly) Greenstick - partial fracture where one side is broken and other side bent (common in children) Impacted - one end is forcefully driven into another Pott's - fracture of fibula, with injury of tibial articulation Colles' - fracture of the radius in which distal fragment is displaced Stress - series of microscopic fissures in bone |
