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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 6 basic functions of the skeleton system?
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a. provides support for soft tissues and offers points of attachment for muscles
b.protects internal organs from injuries c.provides leverage for muscle contractions d.minerals (calcium and phosphorus) are stored in bones for potential use elsewhere in the body e.blood cells are produced by, and stored in, bone marrow f.lipids stored in bone marrow are sources of energy |
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What are the 2 most common minerals stored in bone tissue?
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calcium and phosphorus
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Where are blood cells stored and produced?
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in the bone marrow
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Explain the word histology.
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the study of tissues
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What 3 types of connective tissues comprise the skeletal system?
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1.cartilidge
2.dense connective tissue 3.bone |
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What types of structures comprise dense connective tissue?
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the ligaments and tendons
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What surrounds bone cells?
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matrix
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What is another term for matrix?
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intercellular substance
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What is bone matrix composed of?
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mineral salts and collagenous fibers
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How many types of cells comprise bone tissue?
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4 types of cells
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Name the 4 types of bone cells
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1.osteogenic
2.osteoblasts 3.osteocytes 4.osteoclasts |
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What is another name for osteogenic bone cells?
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osteoprogenitor
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Where are osteogenic bone cells found?
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found throughout the bone tissue
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By what duplicative process do bone cells reproduce themselves?
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mitotic
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Describe the function of bone cells?
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They have the mitotic ability to divide and give rise to other bone and cartilidge cells
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Describe the functions of osteoblasts.
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they secrete the organic and mineral materials associated with bone formation
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From what are osteoblasts derived?
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osteogenic cells
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Describe the function of osteocytes
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maintain the daily cellular functions of bone tisse
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How can osteocytes be described?
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they are sometimes called stranded osteoblasts
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Describe the function of osteoclasts
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function in bone resorption (degradation)
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What is the meaning of resorption?
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degradation
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From what are osteoclasts derived?
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derived for monocytes
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What is a monocyte?
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white blood cell (wbc)
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What salts are contained in the matrix?
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mineral salts
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Salts and _______ comprise the matrix of bone.
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calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
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Describe the relationship between the collagen fibers and the mineral salts of bone tissue.
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These salts crystallize and harden between collagen fibers. The collagen forms reinforcement for bone tissue (just as reinforcing bars strengthen cement)
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Describe 7 anatomical features of a long bone.
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1. diaphysis
2.epiphysis 3.metaphysis 4.articular cartilage 5.periosteum 6.medullary cavity 7.endosteum |
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Describe the diaphysis
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the shaft
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Describe the epiphysis
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the end or ends of the bone
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Describe the metaphysis
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found in growing bone; the region between the diaphysis and epephysis
(the epiphysical cartilagious growth plate) |
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What 2 terms apply to the metaphysis of growing bone?
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diaphysis and epiphysis
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Describe articular cartilage
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thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the joint ends of the bones
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What are the functions of articular cartilage?
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reduce the friction and shock
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Describe the periosteum
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a fibrous covering around the bone
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Does the periosteum cover the articular cartilage?
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NO
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How many layers comprise the periosteum?
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2
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Name the 2 layers of the periosteum
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fibrous layers and osteogenic layer
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Describe the fibrous layer of the periosteum
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its the outer of connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
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Describe the osteogenic layer of the periosteum
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inner layer containing osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
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The osteogenic layer is essential for bone ____ and ______
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growth and repair
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Describe the medullary cavity
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diaphysis space that contains fatty or yellow marrow
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What is the common name for the type of marrow that is contained within the medullary cavity?
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yellow marrow
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Describe the endosteum
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a layer of osteogenic cells that line the medullary cavity
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What are 2 general types of bone?
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compact (dense) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone |
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What is another name for compact bone?
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dense bone
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Where is compact bone found?
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found in the external portions of all bones and especially in the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones
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What is the structural unit of compact bone?
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osteon or haversian system
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What is another name for osteon?
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haversian system
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Describe an osteon
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has concentric rings of bony lamellae and a central canal surrounded by interspersed layers of matrix and osteocytes.
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What does concentric imply?
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a common center
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What does the term lamellae imply when referring to bone?
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it's a thin peice of bone or tissue
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What function does the central canal of an osten serve?
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blood vessels and nerves run through the central canal
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What does conduit mean?
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a tunnel or pathway that the blood vessels and nerves paa through
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Name the small spaces that lie between the lamellae.
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lucanae
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What are located within the lucanae?
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Osteocytes
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What are osteocytes?
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osteocytes maintain the daily cellular functions of bone tissue
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What connects the lacunae?
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Osteocytes
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What is the meaning of canaliculi?
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tiny canals or tunnels
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Where is the spongy bone found?
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it is found inside the epiphysis of long bones and the middle portions of short,flat and irregular bones
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Describe the structure of spongy bone.
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the structural unit of spongy bone is an osseous latticework compsed of trabeculae
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what is a trabeculum?
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are osteocytes of bone that contain, lacunae, canaliculi, and osteocytes but no central canal system
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How are trabeculae different from osteocytes?
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trabeculae have no central canal system- osteocytes do have central canal system
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How are the ccells of spongy bone nourished?
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blood circulating in the marrow cavities nourishes the cells
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Do the trabeculae have any structural value to bones?
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yes
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What is the term for describing architectural arrangement of trabeculae at the proximal femoral ends?
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structural vaulting
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What is the term for bone formation?
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osteogenesis
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What is the laying down of bone tissue called?
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Ossification
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When does ossification begin?
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begins in the embryo at about the 6th week
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How many types of specialized cells will osteogenic cells develop into?
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2
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Name the 2 types of specialized cells osteogenic cells may develop into
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chondroblasts and osteoblasts
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What do chondroblasts produce?
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chondroblasts produce cartilage
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What do osteoblasts produce?
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produce bone
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In how many ways may ossification occur?
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2
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Name the two ways ossification occurs.
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intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossifiication |
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Describe intramembranous ossification
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osteoblasts cluster in centers for ossification within fibrous membranes. the osteoblasts then lay down calcium deposits, and the bone radiates outward from the centers
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What is another term that is synonymous with ossification?
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calcification
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What are 2 examples of bones that form by intramembranous ossification?
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calvarium (top of skull)
sternum |
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Describe endochondral ossification
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a cartilage model of bone is made by chondral blast
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How common is endochondral ossification?
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typical of most long bones
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In endochondral ossification, where does calcification start?
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primary ossification center
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What are 2 examples of bones that form by intramembranous ossification?
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calvarium and sternum
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Describe endochondral ossification
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a cartilage model of a bone is made by chondral blasts
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How common is endochondral ossification?
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typically occurs in long bones
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In endochondral ossification, where does calcification start?
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near the center of the diaphysis (primary ossification center)
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Describe ossisfication of the epiphsis
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secondary ossifiaction center
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What is the start point of epiphyseal ossification called?
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where the primary and secondary ossification centers meet at the ends of the long bones
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What is the juncture of the primary and secondary ossification centers called?
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cartilaginous oer metaphysis
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What are 2 other names for the epiphyseal plate?
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cartilaginous or metaphysis
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What is the epiphyseal plate?
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the plate which allows the bone to increase and is found in an adult
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Describe the structural nature of the epiphyseal plate in childhood
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the cartilaginous which allows the bone to increase in length as the child grows
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What is the remanant of the epiphyseal plate called in an adult bone?
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epiphyseal line
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Why are childhood fractures of the epiphyseal plate treated with great concern?
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it can reduce growth of a limb
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What is the rate of bone growth largely controlled by?
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HGH (human growth horomone)
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What happens to the bone at the point when the epiphyseal line forms?
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the cartilage cells stop dividing, the epiphyseal line forms, and the bone stops forming
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At what age is ossification complete in males?
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25
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At what age is ossification complete in females?
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23
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Describe bone remodeling
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is a homeostatic replacement mechanism in which new bone is formed by osteoblasts and old bone is destoyed by osteoclasts
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Remodeling of adult bone is a _______ process
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dyanmic
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What is the purpose of bone remodeling?
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it occurs throughout life and serves to replace worn out bone tissue with new
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When does remodeling take place?
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throughout life
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What are 3 things that normal bone growth and maintaince require?
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minerals, vitamins, and hormones
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What vitamins are important in bone remodeling?
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d and c
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What 5 horomones are important in normal bone growth and maintenance?
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hgh, estrogen, testosterone, parathoromone (PTH), and thyroid horomone
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Define fracture
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any break in the bone
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What is the difference between a closed fracture and open fracture?
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closed- within the confines of the skin
open- the ends portude throught the skin |
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What is another name for a closed fracture?
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simple
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What is another name for an open fracture?
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compound
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Describe a comminuated fracute.
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involves splintering or fragmentation at the fracture site
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Describe a greeenstick fracture
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is a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. usually seen in children
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Describe a impacted fracture
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one portion of the bone is driven into the other
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Describe a Pot's fracture
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the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) is broken
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Describe a Cole's fracture
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typically occurs in the distal portion of the radius (slender bone of the forearm) within line of the wrist
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How many steps are involved in fracture repair
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5
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What does repair of the fracture begin with?
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begins with the formation of a clot called a fracture hemotoma
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What is a fracture hematoma?
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formation of a clot
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What is the term for the step of bone repair that follows a procallus?
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fibroblasts and osteogenic cells invade the procallus and gerate tissues that result in a fibrocartilaginous 'soft callus"
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What physiological processes are involved in the formation of a procallus?
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infiltration of capillaries into the clot
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What physioloical processes are involved in the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus?
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fibroblasts and osteogenic celss invade the procallus and generate tissue
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What is the desired final product of bone remodeling?
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remodeling of the callus. dead and excessive portions of the bone are gradually absorbed by osteoclasts. usually the fracture remodels to virtually the original shape
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What extrinsic factor has a profound effect on bone strength?
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exercise
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