Chapter 4

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A symbolic system used by people to communicate verbal or written messages.

Hint 1

Encompasses speech

Front 2

Lexicon

Back 2

The collection of words and expressions in a language.

Front 3

Dialect

Back 3

A form of a more general language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture is that, while different from the general language, share than of commonality that most people who belong to a particular language community can understand it.

Hint 3

Subclass of language

Front 4

Personal idiolect

Back 4

What you grew up speaking. Our personal symbolic system that includes are active vocabularies, our pronunciation of words, and are grammar and syntax when talking or writing.

Front 5

Idioms

Back 5

Expressions that don't mean what they are saying. Used by members of a language of speech community whos meaning different from the usual meaning associated with that combination of words. Taken to literally.

Hint 5

Cat's got your tongue

Front 6

Syntax and grammar

Back 6

The rules for combining words to form sentences and into larger units of expression.

Hint 6

Sentence structure -syntax

Front 7

Speech community

Back 7

The members of a larger language community who speak it common dialect with a particular cell and observe common linguistic norms or scripts.

Front 8

Jargon

Back 8

Nonsensical or incoherent language. Technical terminology whose meaning is understood by a select group of people in a specialized speech community based on shared activities or interests.

Front 9

Connotation

Back 9

The feelings or evaluations we personally associate with a word.

For example think of the different meanings that people bring to the word family based on their positive or negative experiences growing up in their unique family situation.

Front 10

Denotation

Back 10

The direct, explicit meaning of a word found in a written dictionary of the language community. Diverge from dictionary to dictionary, change over time, and can vary by dialect.

Hint 10

The lexicon of our idiolect rarely corresponds to the definition of the same words found in the formal dictionary definitions so your definition may be different from mine. As with the president thinks of chair means his position when I say chair I think of a charity you sit in.

Front 11

7 characteristics of language

Back 11

1. Language is arbitrary. The words used to represent things and all languages are arbitrary symbols. There's no physical connection between a word and it is reference. The word used to represent objects, ideas, or feelings are arbitrary, yet for a weird to have any meeting, it must be recognized by members of the language of speech community as standing for a particular object, idea, or feeling.

Hint 11

Different language communities use different words symbol for the same phenomenon. Beach communities with any language community may also have words that differ from other speech communities within the language group. For example the storage compartment of a car is called a trunk in the America and a boot in England.

Front 12

Language is ambiguous

Back 12

No matter how specific you try to be with your verbal messages there can always be multiple interpretations. This is because the real meeting being captured by the words and any other and says not found in the dictionary, a written lexicon for the language community. Rather, the real meaning is conveyed by the person using the word as part of the lexicon, grammar, and syntax in his or her personal idiolect.

Hint 12

The same words, grammar, and syntax may have a different meaning for you, and you will interpret what is said using your idiolect.

Front 13

Language is abstract

Back 13

The word is not the thing it represents the words, I am so sad, represent your internal emotional state, but they are not your feelings.

Front 14

Language is self-reflective

Back 14

Not only does language refer to other things, but I can also refer back to itself. We can use language to talk about language itself in about it possible uses. As result of the reflexivity of language, humans are able to explore concepts animals cannot.

Front 15

Language is changing

Back 15

Language changes over time and a number of ways. First, new words are constantly being invented. Younger generations and other cell cultures invent new words or sign different meanings to the words they learn, use different grammars, and alters word pronunciation.

Front 16

Language reveals

Back 16

From the words you choose, a listener may infer your attitude toward saving and spending such as if Shanna routinely save 60% of the money she earns and lives in a very modest apartment, drives an old car, makes her own clothes, and rarely buys material possessions, would you describe her as thrifty, budget consciou,s or frugal? Or would you consider her a tight wad, penny pincher, or stingy.

Front 17

Language is hierarchical

Back 17

Can I speak tells us that language allows us to compare and judge, which results and social ordering. Once we are able to compare, then notions of better and worse and evitably follow. When people compare anything with anything else and notice difference. Seldom is that different seen as a mirror difference. Instead, humans tend to naturally judge or evaluate difference in some way. But its tendency to judge difference creates hierarchy, with some things and people seen as better or worse than others.

Front 18

Slang

Back 18

The informal vocabulary developed in use by particular cold cultural groups in a society.

Front 19

Conversational maxims

Back 19

Specific rules that cooperating partners count on others to follow.

Front 20

Quality Maxim

Back 20

Is it interesting, honest, factual or is it worth listening to.

Front 21

Quantity Maxim

Back 21

How many words you use to communicate. Do you use too many or too little.

Front 22

Relevancy Maxim

Back 22

Relates what you say to the topic being discussed.

Front 23

Manner Maxim

Back 23

All in how you talk are you too loud or too soft.

Front 24

Specific language

Back 24

Language in an utterance that uses concrete and precise words, as well as details and examples, combining them in accord with the rules of grammar and syntax for that language.

Front 25

Concrete words or language

Back 25

Words that describe something that can be sensed. Scene, heard, felt, tasted, or smelled. For example, instead of saying that Jill speaks in a weird way, it is clear to say, Jill mumbles, or whispers, or blisters, or drones. Each of these alternative word provides a specific description of the sound of Jill's voice.

Front 26

Dating information

Back 26

The communication skill that improves the semantic accuracy of verbal messages by pointing out when the information in a message was true. A common source of semantic misunderstanding is leaving the impression that information in an utterance is currently true when you don't know that it is. For instance, Parker says, I'm going to be transferred to Henderson city. Do you know anything about this city? Laura replies yes I do let me just say that they've had some real trouble with her school. On the basis of Laura's statement Parker may worry about the effect of the move will have on his children.

Front 27

Indexing generalizations

Back 27

The communication skill that improves the semantic meaning of a verbal message by acknowledging that that individual instances may differ from the truth statement of our message.

Front 28

Linguistic sensitivity

Back 28

Using language that respects others while avoiding language that offends.