Chapter 10, Infancy And Childhood

Front 1

List the characteristics and sequence of human growth and development

Back 1

Cephalocaudal - from head to tail
Proximodistal - from center to outside

All aspects are influenced by each other (interdependent)

Orderly sequence, simple to complex, cephalocaudal, inclusive, proximodistal, interdependent

Front 2

Explain developmental regression.

Back 2

During regression, a child's behavior may go backward to that of an earlier state of development

Front 3

Discuss Havighurst's theory of developmental tasks

Back 3

Physical growth occurs without personal effort, but development is an active process in which the person must participate. Havighurst theorizes that each life stage has its own group of developmental tasks that a person must accomplish to become a mature, fully functioning individual. As a person perfects each task, he or she is prepared to take on the next task. Although every person must meet these tasks by himself or herself, the individual must receive support from family, friends, and teachers.

Birth to 24 months: learn to take solid food; learn to walk; learn to talk

Toddler and Preschool (18 mos to 6 yrs): control processes of elimination, learn sex differences and modesty, get ready to read, begin to form the conscience--to know right from wrong, form concepts and be able to name them

Middle Childhood (6-12 yrs): learns to get along with age mates; learn fundamental skills of reading, writing and figuring, perfect physical skills and games, develop a wholesome attitude about the self

Front 4

Describe Erikson's stages of psychosocial development including the challenges and virtues of each stage

Back 4

Erikson's theory of human development focuses on the psychosocial and environmental aspects of personality as the person progresses from birth to death. Erikson stresses that each individual is the product of interactions among heredity, environment and culture. He emphasizes that the rate of development varies. The main points of Erikson's theory are:

.each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period, during which the person must deal with a major life change. If the person fails to meet the challenge, he or she faces certain difficulty in achieving the next level of development. For example, infants wo do not achieve a sense of trust that their needs will be met will have difficulty achieving autonomy as toddlers.

.in each stage of development, a significant person or group exerts a lasting influence on the ongoing development of the child. For example, the person who acts as family caregiver is most significant to the infant, whereas the peer group has greater inf

Front 5

Explain the four stages of human cognitive development as described by Piaget

Back 5

1. Sensorimotor. Up to age 2, children learn by touching, tasting and feeling. They learn to control body movement. They develop an understanding of object permanance, the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot, but temporarily hidden from view under a blanket, continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered.

2. Preoperational. Children from ages 2 to 7 investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view.

3. Concrete operations. Between ages 7 and 11, children "internalize" actions and can perform them in the mind. Cognition at the concrete operations level exhibits the following characteristics:
Reversibility: children walk to school and know that by reversing the direction of the walk they can get home again.

Seriation: children can arrange things in a series, from big to little or in a numbered sequence.

Conservation of matter: children begin to understand quantities, weight, and volume. They recognize that 8 ounces

Front 6

Describe the role of play in childhood development.

Back 6

Children learn about the world through play. Experimentation, exploration, success and failure are a part of maturation. Play with other children encourages peer cooperation, interaction and sharing. Enhances fine and large muscle coordination and strengthens muscles. Uses all five senses. Attention span of infants/toddlers lasts about 5-10 minutes. In older toddlers, language becomes an important part of play.

Help children develop to maintain their eagerness to learn throughout their lives. Many schools have parenting classes. Parental discipline/guidance, enhances and encourages mutual respect.

Increased abilities, skills, self-knowledge, and self-discipline.

Front 7

Discuss the importance of anticipatory guidance for caregivers as their children grow and progress to new developmental stages.

Back 7

By providing anticipatory guidance, you can alert concerned families to normal growth/development patterns and common areas of concern. Safety education is a high priority.

Front 8

Discuss growth and development for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and schoolage children, highlighting key areas of concern.

Back 8

answer

Front 9

Bonding

Back 9

the attachment to parents and other family caregivers, vitally important for infants

Front 10

Cephalocaudal

Back 10

from head to tail

Front 11

cognitive

Back 11

knowledge, understanding or perception

Front 12

development

Back 12

a change in body function

Front 13

enuresis

Back 13

bed-wetting

Front 14

environment

Back 14

sum of all the conditions and factors surrounding the child

Front 15

growth

Back 15

change in body size and structure

Front 16

heredity

Back 16

characteristics are inherited from parents and are called genetic factors

Front 17

infancy

Back 17

from 1-12 months of age

Front 18

interdependent

Back 18

all aspects of growth and development are influenced by each other

Front 19

masturbation

Back 19

handling and self-stimulation of the genital organs

Front 20

newborn

Back 20

neonate (the first 4 weeks)

Front 21

object permanance

Back 21

knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot but temporarily hidden from view under a blanket continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered.

Front 22

parallel play

Back 22

when children play side-by-side with the same or similar toy but do not interact with each other or the other's toy.

Front 23

proximodistal

Back 23

center to the outside

Front 24

regression

Back 24

child's behavior may go backward to that of an earlier stage of development.

Front 25

solitary play

Back 25

children play alone with their own toys.

Front 26

stranger anxiety

Back 26

typically starts at 6-7 months. The term most commonly refers to children before the ages of 18 months to 24 months.

Front 27

toddler

Back 27

age 1-3 years