Chapter 1-Microorganisms And Microbiology

Front 1

What 2 themes contribute to the importance of microbiology?

Back 1

1. Understanding basic life processes (excellent models for understanding cell processes)

2. Applying knowledge to benefit humans

(medecine, agriculture, industry)

Front 2

Define the cell

Back 2

A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

Front 3

What are 2 characteristics of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 3

-permeability barrier

-separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Front 4

What is contained in the cytoplasm?

Back 4

-macromolecules, their precursors, inorganic ions

-ribosomes-protein synthesizing structures (present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes)

Front 5

What are the differences b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 5

Prokaryotes

-smaller

-structurally simple

-archaea and bacteria

Eukaryotes

-larger

-membrane enclosed structures=organelles (THE NUCLEUS)

Front 6

Define genome.

Back 6

A cell's full complement of genes

Front 7

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA?

Back 7

Eukaryotes

-linear

-enclosed in nucleus

Prokaryotes

-circular

-a chromosome

-smaller

-concentrated in nucleoid

Front 8

What are 3 properties of all cells?

Back 8

-metabolism

-growth

-evolution

Front 9

What are 4 properties of some cells?

Back 9

-differentiation

-communication

-genetic exchange

-motility

Front 10

Explain differentiation.

Back 10

Some cells can form new structures (e.g. spore)

Front 11

What 2 types of metabolic activity occur in all cells?

Back 11

-genetic

-catalytic

Front 12

Describe communication, a property of some cells.

Back 12

-cells interact using chemical messengers

-aware and can respond

Front 13

What is LUCA?

Back 13

-Last universal common ancestor (4 billion yrs ago)

Front 14

When did phototropic organisms appear?

Back 14

-b/w 4 and 3 bya

Front 15

From what did cyanobacteria evolve?

Back 15

Anoxygenic phototrophs

Front 16

What caused the oxygenation of Earths atm?

Back 16

-evolution of cyanobacteria

Front 17

What was the result of the oxygenation of Earth's atm?

Back 17

-multicellular organisms

Front 18

How are evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) deduced?

Back 18

-through genetic info comparison (comparative rRNA sequencing)

Front 19

Define microbial community.

Back 19

A population of interacting microorganisms.

Front 20

Give 3 examples of a microbial community.

Back 20

-human tongue

-sewage

-deep lake

Front 21

What are extremophiles?

Back 21

Bacteria and Archaea that live in harsh environments.

Front 22

Where are most microbes found?

Back 22

Oceanic or terrestrial subsurfaces

Front 23

How has infectious disease caused by microbes been controlled over the last century?

Back 23

-improved sanitation

-vaccines

-antibiotics

-improved public health practices

Front 24

What is the role of microorganisms in agriculture?

Back 24

-in rumen of cows to digest cellulose

-cycling of nutrients (N,S)-root nodules

Front 25

What is the role of microorganisms in humans?

Back 25

-G.I. tract

-synthesize vitamins and nutrients, compete w/ pathogens for space and resources

Front 26

What is the role of microorganisms in the production of food?

Back 26

-fermentation

Front 27

What is the role of microorganisms in the environment?

Back 27

-production of biofuels (methane, ethanol, hydrogen)

-bioremediation

Front 28

What is the role of microorganisms in biotechnology?

Back 28

-genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans

-i.e insulin, antibiotics, enzymes, chemicals

Front 29

Robert Hook

Back 29

described microbes

Front 30

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Back 30

described bacteria

Front 31

Ferdinand Cohn

Back 31

-founded bacterial classification, discovered bacterial endospores

Front 32

Louis Pasteur

Back 32

-disproved spontaneous generation-micoorganisms of putrefied food arose spontaneously from non living materials

-swan necked flask experiment

Front 33

Robert Koch

Back 33

-demonstrated the link b/w microbes and infectious disease

-Koch's postulates

-using solid media provided a simple way to obtain pure cultures

-observed that colonies of cells have different shapes, colours, sizes

Front 34

Elie Metchnikoff

Back 34

phagocytes, innate immunity

Front 35

Frederick Sanger

Back 35

DNA sequencing-first to sequence complete bacteriophage

Front 36

Micheal Smith

Back 36

Altered nucleic acid sequence of DNA fragment

Front 37

Kary Mullis

Back 37

Developed PCR

Front 38

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren

Back 38

Discovered H. Pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

Front 39

Craig Venter

Back 39

Synthetic Biology-stitch together synthetic pieces of DNA to make an organism

Front 40

Edward Jenner

Back 40

immunity, vaccines