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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causes of mental illness
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**Stress (is considered a major contributing factor causing exacerbation of this illness)
* Hereditary or congenital * Accidental * Traumatic * Psychosocial * Socioeconomic * Ones related to drug toxicity * Chemical imbalances in the brain and its neurotransmitters |
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True or False:
The specific causes of mental illness remain unclear in many cases |
True
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Hallucination
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a distortion of perception, can be auditory, visual, olfactory, or sensory in nature
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The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV)
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accepted reference offers guidelines for criteria to be used in the clinical setting when diagnosing a mental disorder
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Stress
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is considered a major contributing factor of mental disorders
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Mental illness
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has been linked to the patient's inability to cope with stress imposed by modern society
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Psychological pain
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is real and intense and can influence physical health
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Modern therapeutic approaches include control of symptoms with
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Psychotropic drugs:
* antipsychotic drugs * antidepressants * anxiolytics * CNS stimulants * antimanic agents * hospitalization during acute episodes * psychotherapy * electroconvulsive therapy * group therapy |
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Play therapy
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is included in counseling for some children
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*Mental illness
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are categorized by axis
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Each axis of a mental illness represents
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a different part of the diagnosis
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Criteria for diagnosing mental retardation
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Subaverage general intellectual functioning accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning.
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Criteria for diagnosing mental retardation requires limitations in at least two of the following areas:
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Communication Home Living Self-Care Social or Interpersonal Skills Self-Direction Health and Safety. (The onset must be before 18 years old.)
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What is the cure for mental retardation?
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There's No Cure *When brain cells die, they cannot be restored.*
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When are most learning disorders in children first identified?
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Most are noted as they begin the formal education process
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*Identify a major factor that creates and maintains stuttering
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Anxiety
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Learning disorders
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Are sometimes referred to as learning differences or learning disabilities.
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Learning disorders
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Are conditions that cause children to learn in a manner that is not normal.
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Learning disorders
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The person with this exhibits difficulty in acquiring a skill in a specific area of learning, such as reading, writing, and mathematics.
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Learning disorders
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This lower level of achievement occurs despite the child’s normal (sometimes above normal) intelligence and adequate schooling.
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True or False: When brain cells die, they cannot be restored
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True
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True or False: Stress is not considered a contributing factor causing exacerbation of mental illness
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False
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True or False: Mental retardation, or developmental disability is not a disease but a wide range of conditions with many causes
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True
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When may signs of mental retardation may be evident?
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well-baby examinations or during preschool routine checkups
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True or False: Mental retardation has numerous causes, many of which are unidentifiable
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True
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Learning disabilities
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occur when children learn things differently in a manner that is not normal.
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Person with learning disorders exhibits difficulty in acquiring a skill in a specific area of learning such as
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reading, writing, mathematics
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Five types of pervasive development disorders as identified in autistic spectrum
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Autism Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) Rett’s Syndrome Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Asperger’s Syndrome
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Four symptoms are nearly always present when a child has autism
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Social isolation Cognitive (based on knowledge) impairment Language deficits (shortages or missing) Repetitive naturalistic motions
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ADHD stands for
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Three subtypes identified in ADHD
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type, Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Combined Type
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Oppositional defiant disorder
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A behavior disorder in which the children demonstrate behaviors that are oppositional toward adults
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Medications used in the treatment of ADHD
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Amphetamine salts (Adderall) Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
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ADHD medication that is NOT a DSA schedule II substance
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Atomoxetine (Strattera)
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ADHD medications that are a DSA schedule II substance
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Amphetamine salts (Adderall) Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
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Medication used to treat Tourette's syndrome
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haloperidol lactate (Haldol)
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OTHER Medications that may be used to treat Tourette's syndrome
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clonidine or clonazepam for their calming effects. Fluoxetine (Prozac) may be helpful in treating repetitive and obsessive behaviors found with TS
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Physical manifestations of tic disorders
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Tic disorders cause various types of recurrent motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and these are usually clearly seen upon observation
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Can the person with this type of disorder control the tics?
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No, not always, but can suppress them at times
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True or False: The tics usually are more at ease/calm when sleeping
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True
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Examples of motor movement and vocal tics
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Simple Motor Complex Motor Simple Vocal Complex Vocal
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Simple Motor Tics can be:
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blinking, facial grimacing, coughing, and neck jerking
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Complex Motor Tics:
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facial gestures, jumping, touching, and stamping
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Simple Vocal Tics:
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throat clearing, sniffing, snorting, and grunting
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Complex Vocal Tics:
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the repetition of words out of context, saying socially unacceptable words, and the repetition of one’s own words or the last sound heard
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The progressive degenerative disease of the brain in which there is a typical profile in the loss of mental and physical functioning
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Alzheimer disease
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It is the most frequent cause of deterioration of intellectual capacity or dementia
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Alzheimer disease
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Dementia involves deterioration of which three functions?
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Perceiving, thinking, remembering
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Causes of dementia
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Compromised blood flow to the brain resulting from atherosclerosis, thrombi, or trauma; others: toxins, metabolic conditions, organic disorders, infections, tumors, or Alzheimer’s disease
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Medication that's NOT common therapy for Alzheimer's
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Vitamin K (Mephyton)
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Medication that's common therapy for Alzheimer's
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Donepezil (Aricept), Paroxetine (Paxil), Risperidone (Risperdal)
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What is involved in the treatment of vascular dementia?
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Aim to increase the blood supply to the brain. Antiplatelet drugs (prevent stroke or its recurrence, Pt's who are hypertensive, or had an MI - Drug therapy may help increase the blood flow)
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True or False: When the carotid arteries are compromised, surgical intervention in the form of carotid endarterectomy may limit the progress of vascular dementia
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True
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True or False: Brain cell death is reversible
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False
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Prognosis for the individual suffering from dementia caused by head trauma
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It is similar to that for vascular dementia, thus improvement is guarded and depends on the extent of the cerebral insult. Many Pt's are trainable w/ rehabilitation & can function in the community. If damage is severe, the Pt may need to be institutionalized for care and safety.
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4 major groups of drugs (often abused)
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Depressants, Dissociative Anesthetics, Opioids and Morphine Derivatives, Stimulants
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Which Blood alcohol level exhibits these effects: impairment in coordination, judgment, memory, comprehension
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0.08
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True or False: In 45 states the person would be considered legally drunk at 0.08
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True
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True or False: In the other remaining states the person would be considered legally drunk at 0.10
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True
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Considered a Stimulant
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Cocaine
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Considered a Non-Stimulant
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Alcohol, Marijuana, Ketamine
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Schizophrenia is thought to be
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genetic
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True or False: No known prevention for Schizophrenia
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True
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Drugs that could be used in the treatment of Schizophrenia
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Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Haloperidol (Haldol), Ziprasidone (Geodon)
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Disorder characterized by intense mood swings from manic to depressive
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Bipolar disorder
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Drug of choice for acute manic phase of bipolar disease
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Lithium
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Bipolar disorder
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is a major affective disorder with abnormally intense mood swings from a hyperactive, or manic, state to a depressive syndrome
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Major depressive disorder
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is a mood disorder characterized by one or more major depressive episodes
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Phases of the grief process (as identified by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross)
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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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Suicide intervention
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an attempt by medical, mental health, and community services to assist the depressed individual through the hopeless situation
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Depression is frequently treated with
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Example of a SSRI class?
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Fluoxetine (Prozac)
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Aberration
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any departure from the usual course or normal condition
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Affect
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feeling
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Cognitive
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based on knowledge
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Delusion
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untrue belief
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Detoxification
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removal of a poison or its effects from a patient
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Deficit
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shortage, missing
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Delusion
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fixed, false beliefs
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Febrile
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characterized by elevated body temperature above 100 °F
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Lethargy
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state of sluggishness or sleepiness
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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Narcissistic
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filled with pathologic self-love or grandiose self-admiration
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Neurotic
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pertaining to the nerves
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Neurotransmitters
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chemicals released by the terminal end fibers of an axon
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Paranoid
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distrustful, suspicious, defensive
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Precipitate
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occurring hastily or unexpectedly
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Psychological pain
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any mental or non-physical suffering that can sometimes lead to impaired or pathologic coping skills in people’s behavior
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Psychotic
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out of touch with realism, including through delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized behavior
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Spontaneously
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occurring naturally and without apparent cause
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Amnesia
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loss of memory; inability to recall past experiences
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Hallucination
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false perception of reality, whether visual, auditory, olfactory, or sensory
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Positron-emission tomography (PET)
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noninvasive radiographic study of the blood flow in specific organs and body tissues
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Psychosis
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a severe mental disorder where the individual loses touch with reality. The individual may experience verbal or visual hallucinations, irrational thoughts, delusions, regressive behavior, and degeneration of personality.
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Identifiable causes of mental retardation include:
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genetic disorders, infection, trauma, or poisoning. early alterations in embryonic development and general medical conditions. prematurity or hypoxia
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Criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation include limitation in at least two of the following
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Communication, health, safety, and self care, Social or interpersonal skills, self-direction, and home living, Adaptive functioning
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A major factor that creates and maintains stuttering is:
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anxiety
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*A child who experiences extreme withdrawal and obsessive behavior along with lack of social interaction suffers from:
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Autism
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True OR False: Pervasive development disorders includes autistic disorder, Rett's syndrome, and Asperger's syndrome
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True
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True OR False: ADD and ADHD are different disorders
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False
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True OR False: ODD is the most common referral complaint
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True
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*A tic disorder that includes multiple motor ties coupled with vocal ties is:
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Tourette's disorder
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Treatment of Tourette's disorder may include which of the following medication
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Haldol
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*Involves a progressive, general deterioration of the mental capacities of perceiving, thinking, and remembering
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Dementia
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A progressive, degenerative disease of the brain most common in individuals over the age of 60 with symptoms that include loss of short-term memory, inability to concentrate, and changes in social skills and personality is called:
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Alzheimer's disease.
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True OR False: Children with Asperger's Syndrome tend to be of below average intelligence
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False
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Excessive use of alcohol is frequently associated with:
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*anxiety *impotence *amnesia
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Prolonged, heavy use of alcohol may result in:
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*pancreatitis *cirrhosis *peripheral neuropathy
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True OR False: Caffeine is considered as a drug of abuse
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True
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The psychosis that is characterized by distortions of perception, emotions, and thoughts, and that often includes bizarre behavior is:
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schizophrenia
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*A major affective disorder with abnormally intense mood swings from manic state to depressive syndrome is:
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Bipolar disorder
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True OR False: Bipolar disorder is a major affective disorder
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True
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The individual experiencing sleep disturbances, fatigue, loss of concentration, appetite changes, despair, and hopelessness suffers from:
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major depressive disorder
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A distortion of perception is:
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an hallucination
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Treatment of major depressive disorder includes:
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* electroconvulsive therapy * psychotherapy * antidepressant drug therapy * PRAYERS!
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True OR False: Major depression can lead to suicidal thoughts and actions that must be taken seriously for effective intervention
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True
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Which of the following is NOT a sub-type of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Attentive type
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Which of the following IS a sub-type of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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* Inattentive type * Hyperactive-impulsive type * Combined type
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*This may limit the progression of vascular dementia
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Carotid Endarterectomy
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A traumatic insult causing reduced blood flow to the _________ may result in dementia
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cerebrum
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*The phases of the grief process in order are:
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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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*__________ schizophrenia features either excitement or stupor with mutism, negativism, rigidity, and posturing
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Catatonic
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*The cause of seasonal affective disorder has been proposed to be an increase in the amount of the hormone:
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melatonin
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*Potential side effects of neuroleptic agents used to treat schizophrenia are known as:
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(EPS) extrapyramidal side effects
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*In DSM-IV, Axis III diagnoses are:
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medical conditions
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*With an alcohol level of ______, you are probably dead
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0.60
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______________ schizophrenia features a blatantly incoherent patient with delusions that are not systematized into a theme
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Disorganized
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The acute manic phase of bipolar disease is treated by this drug
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Lithium
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A person with a narcissistic personality would demonstrate what type of behavior?
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This person would demonstrate pathologic self-love, grandiose self-admiration, rage or humiliation if criticized, lack of empathy and tendency to exploit others, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success
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Personality disorders typically begin in
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adolescence
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Avoidance personality disorder avoids any __________ situation because of ________ of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
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social, fear
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Individuals with schizoid personality disorder appear to lack or show emotion of _______________ or __________
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pleasure, pain
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Chronic anxiety that is inappropriate can develop into what type of disorder?
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anxiety disorders
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Anxiety disorders include four specific anxiety disorders. List these disorders.
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* generalized anxiety disorder * panic disorder * phobic disorder * obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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Identify the phobia associated with a fear of blood
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Hematophobia
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Name the phobia associated with a fear of disease
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Pathophobia
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Name the anxiety disorder that is caused from an overwhelmingly painful external event
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Identify the disorder in which the anxiety that a patient experiences is converted to a physical or somatic symptom as a defense mechanism
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Conversion disorder (formerly termed hysteria)
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Name the associative sub-types of pain disorders
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* Psychologic factors * general medical conditions * both psychologic and general medical conditions
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Identify the type of preoccupation that a patient suffering from hypochondriasis experiences
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Fear of having a serious disease
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A patient who is fully aware that he or she is not sick or ill but seeks medical attention anyway would be having symptoms of which condition?
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Munchausen’s syndrome
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Identify the test that is used to assess sleep disorders
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Polysomnography
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To be diagnosed with insomnia, how long must sleeplessness endure
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Longer than 1 month
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Identify the group of sleep disorders that include sleepwalking, night terrors, and nightmares
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Parasomnias
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Which of the following medications could be used for the treatment of insomnia?
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* Pregabalin (Lyrica) * Zolpidem
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Anxiety is a major factor that creates and maintains:
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Stuttering
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Autistic disorder involves symptoms of:
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Extreme withdrawal and lack of social interaction
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Haldol is the drug of choice used to treat:
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Tourette's disorder
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Pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and peripheral neuropathy may be the result of the:
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Prolonged, heavy use of alcohol
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Bipolar disorder causes symptoms of
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Intense mood swings from manic to depressive
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The grief process has five phases. They are, in order:
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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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Electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and antidepressant drug therapy may be used to treat:
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Major depressive disorders
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Tourette's disorder is characterized by:
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Vocal and motor tics
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Suicidal thoughts and actions may be brought on by:
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major depression
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Anxiety, amnesia, and impotence have been associated with:
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Excessive use of alcohol
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Panic, phobic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders are all included in the group of:
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anxiety disorders
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Genetic disorders, infection, trauma, poisoning, early alterations in embryonic developmental general medical conditions, prematurity, or hypoxia are all identifiable causes of
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Mental retardation
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Anxiety disorders include
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* panic disorders * phobic disorders * obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Anxiety disorders are treated with
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* drug therapy * hypnosis * stress elimination
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TRUE OR FALSE: Chronic or inappropriate anxiety can become an illness like panic disorder, phobic disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder
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TRUE
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*The anxiety disorder that results from an external event of an overwhelming painful nature is called
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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The somatoform disorder previously called hysteria is
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conversion disorder
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TRUE OR FALSE: Somatoform disorders include a group of mental disorders where physical symptoms have an organic cause
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FALSE
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The individual with narcolepsy is treated with
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drug therapy
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Personality disorders include
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* schizophrenia * histrionic disorder * paranoia
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TRUE OR FALSE: Cluster B of personality disorders includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal behaviors
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FALSE (A)
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TRUE OR FALSE: Malingering is a personality disorder
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FALSE
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*The feigning of symptoms for financial or personal gain in which the action is deliberate, fraudulent and symptoms are usually exaggerated is called
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malingering
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*A Cluster B disorder marked by pathologic self love or grandiose self-admiration is
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Narcissistic Personality
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*A person who has persistent unwanted thoughts and persistent urges to carry out specific actions may have
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
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*A cluster C personality disorder in which a person stays away from any social situation because of fears of criticism, disapproval or rejection is
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avoidant personality disorder
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*A group of sleep disorders that include sleepwalking, night terrors and nightmares is called
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parasomnias
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*A cluster A disorder in which individuals appear to lack or show emotions of pleasure or pain and tend to be loners is:
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schizoid personality disorder
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*A Cluster B disorder in which an individual has a disregard for and tends to violate the rights of others is called:
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antisocial personality disorder
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*When a patient simulates symptoms of illness and seeks medical attention to draw attention to themselves they have:
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Munchausen's Syndrome
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*Irresistible daytime sleep episodes that can have a duration of a few seconds to half an hour are termed
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narcolepsy
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*When anxiety is changed to a physical or somatic symptom as a defense mechanism because the anxiety is too difficult to face, this is called:
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conversion disorder
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