Chld 252 - Exam 1 - Chapter 1

Front 1

The field of study in which researchers from many disciplines work to describe changes in children as they grow is called

Back 1

child development

Front 2

What are the 3 primary facets of development?

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physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

Front 3

Changes in how children think, remember, and communicate is called

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cognitive development

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Which of the following is NOT considered a primary component of physical development?

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communication and language

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Socioemotional development is best described as how

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children interact with other people

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Matthew was angry and punched Jacob because he wanted the toy truck that Jacob had. This is an example of ________ development.

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socioemotional

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Shortly after birth, Terrell could not even hold his head up, but, just a few months later, he can hold his head up and roll over from his back to his stomach. These advances in Terrell's muscle strength and coordination are examples of

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physical development

Front 8

Poverty, malnutrition, and a lack of adequate medical care are examples of

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nurture

Front 9

Nature refers to

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biological forces that impact development

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Behavior genetics are best exemplified by

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a child's intelligence

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Among the following, which is LEAST likely to be considered an aspect of "nurture"?

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genetic characteristics within a family

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Which of the following theorists thought that experience and learning, or nurture, determined what children would become?

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John Watson

Front 13

Behavior genetics postulates that

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both nature and nurture have an impact on a child's development

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Studying how identical twins show similar patterns of susceptibility to genetic disorders, like Down syndrome, would give a researcher information about the role of

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nature

Front 15

Donald was born with cystic fibrosis, which is a recessive genetic disorder that causes problems in the mucous-producing membranes. Which of the following theories best describes the expression of this type of disorder?

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nature

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O'Connor & Croft's (2001) research demonstrated that in establishing patterns of emotional attachment to their parents

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identical and nonidentical twins show different patterns of attachment

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Theories do all of the following EXCEPT

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ignore historical contributions and focus on contemporary research.

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Theories are NOT able to

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explain the myriad of changes that occur as children develop

Front 19

When a researcher wants to test a theory, she or he needs to create

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hypotheses

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Which of the following statements is NOT true about theories

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Theories are unchanging bodies of research

Front 21

Which of the following answers shows the correct order of the emergence of theories regarding child development?

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psychoanalytic theory, behavioral/social learning theory, cognitive theory, neuropsychology

Front 22

Psychoanalytic theories are theories that focus on

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the structure of personality

Front 23

According to ________, the mind contains three basic components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

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Freud

Front 24

Sarah knows that stealing her friend's homework is wrong. Sigmund Freud would say that this is due to the influence of Sarah's

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superego

Front 25

Which branch of the personality is described as containing the subconscious, primitive sexual and aggressive instincts?

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id

Front 26

What is the correct order of the stages of psychosexual development?

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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A fixation is

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a place where development is blocked and development becomes stuck at that level

Front 28

Nine-year-old Timmy only wants to play with other boys because he thinks that girls are "gross." Which of the psychosexual stages is Timmy probably experiencing?

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latency

Front 29

Assuming that fixation has not occurred, a teenager should be in which of Freud's five psychosexual stages?

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genital

Front 30

children copy the morals, ideas, and values of their same-sex parent, this is known as

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identification

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Erik Erikson created the

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psychosocial theory

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Psychosocial theory is primarily concerned with

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the development of healthy ego identity

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Which of the following theorists hypothesized that his theory involves "conflicts, inner and outer, which the vital personality weathers, re-emerging from each crisis with an increased sense of inner unity, with an increase of good judgment..."

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Erik Erikson

Front 34

Erik Erikson believed that our identity develops as

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pass through a series of eight major crises

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As an infant, Amy has positive interactions with nurturing parents. According to Erikson, Amy would have learned that

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the world is dependable and that people are basically trustworthy

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John Watson criticized psychoanalysis and argued that psychology needed to focus on

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observable conditions in the environment

Front 37

Which of the following stages of Erikson's theory do NOT occur during childhood or adolescence?

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generativity vs. stagnation

Front 38

Erikson theorized that the primary challenge facing adolescents was

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identity vs. role confusion

Front 39

A ten-year-old boy, Benjamin, always compares his grades with his classmates' grades and his athletic ability with his other teammates' abilities. Benjamin is probably facing which psychosocial crisis?

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industry versus inferiority

Front 40

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the

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unconditioned response

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Your dog starts to salivate when you use the can opener to open his can of dog food. After learning the principles of classical conditioning, it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective

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conditioned stimulus

Front 42

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is the most helpful in explaining the development of many fears in children?

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classical conditioning

Front 43

Any stimulus that when presented is designed to increase the likelihood of a behavior is called

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reinforcement

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Any stimulus that when presented is designed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior is called

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punishment

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In a recent court case in the state of Florida, a boy killed his younger sister by performing wrestling moves on her that he learned how to do by watching a wrestling match on television. His behavior illustrates

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social learning

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Patricia, a 14-year-old girl, has not been doing her math homework. Consequently, she failed her math exam. Her parents have decided to place her on restriction, so she is not allowed to talk on the phone after school for two weeks.If placing Patricia on restriction serves to decrease the number of failing math grades that she receives, then the restriction was an effective form of

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punishment

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The social cognition approach would say that if a child saw someone receive reinforcement for a behavior then that child would be ________ to imitate that behavior in the future.

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more likely

Front 48

Which of the following theories of child development states that children adjust their own understanding as they explore and learn about the world?

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cognitive developmental theory

Front 49

Identify the correct ordering of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Front 50

According to Piaget, children represent what they understand about the world in cognitive structures he called

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mental schemes

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Assimilation

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occurs when an infant incorporates new information into an existing mental scheme

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A kindergartner needs to figure out how to place a square wooden block into a square-shaped hole on a pegboard. If he is not successful and tries to put the square block into the round hold, the child will need to ________ the new information.

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accommodate

Front 53

The theory that focuses on how language and culture influence the growth of thought in children is the

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sociocultural theory

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Which of the following theorists developed the sociocultural theory of child development

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Lev Vygotsky

Front 55

A theoretical approach focusing on how children perceive, store, and retrieve information is called

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the information-processing approach

Front 56

As my four-year-old niece focuses on tying her shoes, I hear her singing to herself, "First, I cross the laces, then I make the bow." This is an example of

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private speech

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Which of the following questions would be of LEAST interest to information-processing researchers?

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Do children solve problems more quickly working collaboratively or alone?

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Which of the following theories uses technological advances to study brain activity during cognitive tasks?

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neuropsychology

Front 59

A researcher who uses CT and PET scans to better understand the structure and function of the brain of children would be in the field of

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neuropsychology

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A researcher wants to know what area of the brain uses the most blood during a reading task. Which of the following scans would best show where the most blood is moving?

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PET scan

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A computer-enhanced, three-dimensional X-ray of the brain can be achieved by taking a

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CT scan

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Ethology has its roots in

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Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

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Konrad Lorenz is best known for his work on

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imprinting

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Extending ethology to humans, researchers have investigated

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bonding between human infants and their mothers

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Sociobiology is a subarea within

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ethology

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The study of the evolutionary development of social interactions among humans and among animals is called

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sociobiology

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According to systems theories, development emerges from

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complexity

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In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the mesosystem includes

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the connections among elements in the larger social environment, like home and daycare

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Which theory of child development proposes that systems and interrelationships that surround a child affect all aspects of child's development

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ecological systems theory

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The values, customs, and laws of a culture is best represented by which level of the ecological systems theory

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macrosystem

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The chronosystem represents the effects of

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systems over time

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Which of the following would NOT be an example of the dynamic systems theory?

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Pillar and her brother watch television about an hour per day.

Front 73

Stable patterns of preferred behavior or dominant psychological attitudes or emotions are called

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attractor states

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Which of the following theories would best explain the complexity of child development

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dynamic systems theory

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The scientific method focuses on

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collecting data by making systematic observations.

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A researcher, who is interested in how children make friendships, watches two little girls playing together on the playground at their school. He records each activity that the two girls do together as a pair. What type of research is being conducted?

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naturalistic observation

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Albert Bandura designed a research project where he brought children to a research laboratory and watched their novel aggressive acts toward an inflatable clown doll. What type of research did Bandura conduct?

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structured observation

Front 78

A researcher want to determine a possible cause for a very rare medical disorder, so he flies around the world and interviews the four children that have the disorder. As he interviews each child and his or her family, the researcher is looking for common things that happened to each of these children that might give him clues as to what caused the disease. What type of research is he conducting?

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case study

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Observer bias occurs when

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a person's knowledge could influence the outcome of research.

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By using the ________ method, researchers investigate whether an observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another trait or characteristic.

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correlational

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A strong negative correlation indicates that

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as one variable increases the other variable decreases

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A researcher conducted a study of the relationship between the amount of television an individual watches and how fearful that individual is about becoming a victim of crime. She found that the more television an individual watched the more fearful that individual was about becoming a victim of crime. What type of correlation does this represent?

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positive

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The strength of a correlation between two variables is referred to as

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its magnitude

Front 84

Ladd, et. al. (1999)'s research assessed children's cognitive maturity and family background when they entered kindergarten by measuring variables such as helpful behaviors, harmful behaviors, relationships with peers and teachers, classroom participation, and achievement. What type of research does the Ladd, et. al study exemplify?

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path analyses

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A researcher wants to determine the effects of sugar consumption on aggressive behavior in children. In his experiment, he has some subjects consume no sugar (water only), some subjects drink 14 oz. of soda, and some subjects drink 28 oz. of soda. He then waits 30 minutes and asks them questions about how aggressively they would behave in certain situations. In this experiment, the level of soda consumed would be the

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independent variable

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The preferred research method for asking questions about cause-and-effect relationships

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an experiment

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Before a researcher can study the effects of a new drug on cancer patients, she first assigns individuals to the control group and the experimental group. Each study participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either group. This procedure is known as

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random assignment

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________ is a type of research design that studies development by comparing groups of children of different ages against one another at the same point in time.

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Cross-sectional method

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Cowan, et. al (1999) conducted an example of the ________ of research. They investigated developmental changes in short-term memory for single-digit numbers. Their participants were groups of first graders, fourth graders, and young adults.

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cross-sectional method

Front 90

The longitudinal method compares the performance or observations across ages by taking repeated measurements from ________.

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the same people across time

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Which of the following factors presents a serious problem for longitudinal studies

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differential dropout

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When participants drop out of a study it is known as

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differential dropout

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If 10-year-old girls born in the 1950s act differently than 10-year-old girls born in the 1990s, it may be due to

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cohort effects

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Another name for cross-lag or sequential designs would be

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hybrid designs

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Hybrid designs combine the advantages of

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cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods

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The American Psychological Association and the Society for Research in Child Development have developed a list of rules that researchers who work with children must follow. Collectively, these rules are known as

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ethical guidelines

Front 97

Mary wanted to research how stress impacted a student's ability to consolidate new memories. She had planned to have split participants into two groups. Both groups of students were to study a one-page speech. The control group would be allowed to study unimpeded, but for the experimental group, while they were attempting to memorize the words, she would repeatedly shock them on the hand. She hoped that she would then be able to compare how well students from the two groups memorized the speech. After further reflection, Mary decided that the data that she would collect would not have enough value scientifically to be worth subjecting these participants to high levels of shock. What ethical principle guided Mary's decision NOT to conduct her experiment?

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risks versus benefits

Front 98

When an experiment results in any negative consequence for a child, which ethical principle states that the researcher must do whatever is necessary to correct the situation?

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unforeseen consequences

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The ethical principle that states that researchers must be aware of social, political, and human implications of their research and how it is presented is called ________.

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implications of research

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Researchers must get approval from the IRB to make sure that they are

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complying with ethical guidelines for their research