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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colorimetric method |
Method of Magnesium |
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Photometric Colorimetric Test for Magnesium with Lipid Clearing Factor |
Principle of Magnesium |
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CAPS 3- cyclohexylamino- 1 propane sulfonic acid |
Buffer used in Magnesium |
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Used as a masking agent to prevent Calcium interferences |
Use of GEDTA |
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Xylidyl blue or Magon dye |
Chromogen used in Magnesium |
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Serum |
Preferred specimen for Magnesium |
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On day 1, urinate into the toilet. Afterwards, collect all urine in a container for the next 24 hours. On day 2, urinate into the container. |
How to collect a 24 hour urine specimen? |
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To prevent precipitation |
Why should we acidify the urine? |
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10 ul STD + 1000 ul RGT |
How to prepare sample for Magnesium? |
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Conventional 2.50 mg/dl SI 1.03 mmol/L |
Magnesium concentration |
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- magnesium concentration is 10x greater in RBC than plasma - intracellular Mg is greater than plasma |
Why should we avoid hemolysis in Magnesium? |
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CFM Calagmite Formazen dye Methylthymol blue |
3 colorimetric methods of Magnesium |
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AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy |
Reference method for measuring Magnesium |
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It clears a turbidity caused by lipemic specimens up to 2000 mg/dl triglycerides |
Use of LCF in magnesium |
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2nd most abundant cation in ICF 4th most abundant cation in the body |
What is Magnesium? |
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PAT PTH increase Aldosterone decrease Thyroxine decrease |
Regulators of Magnesium |
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Fiske Subbarow Colorimetric method Enzymatic method |
Analytical procedures of Phosphorus |
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Colorimetric method (Fiske Subbarow Colorimetric Method) |
Method of Phosphorus |
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Photometric UV test |
Principle of Phosphorus |
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Because wavelength employed is 340 nm which is part of UV light |
Why use UV in Phosphorus? |
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Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate (used for deproteinization |
Detergent used in Phosphorus |
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RBCs have increase amount of phosphorus |
Why should we avoid hemolysis in Phosphorus? |
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Inorganic phosphorus |
Type of phosphorus detected in the lab |
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Because it's intracellular |
Why not measure organic phosphorus? |
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10 ul STD + 1000 ul RGT |
Sample preparation of phosphorus |
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Conventional 10 mg/dl SI 3.2 mmol/L |
Phosphorus concentration |
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Calcium |
Phosphorus has an inverse relationship with what analyte? |
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Ammoniumheptamolybdate |
Chromogenic substance in Phosphorus |
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Sulfuric acid |
Acidic medium and surfactant in Phosphorus RGT |
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Major intracellular anion |
What is Phosphorus? |
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PVG PTH Vitamin D Growth Hormone |
Regulators of Phosphorus |
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Fasting specimen |
Special patient preparation for Phosphorus |
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Blue |
Color of magnesium |
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Yellow |
Color of phosphorus |
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Yellow |
Color of ALP |
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BBKLIPS Bone Biliary Tract Kidney Liver Intestine Placenta Spleen |
ALP is seen in what organs? |
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HBP Hepatobiliary disorders Bone disorders Pregnancy complications |
ALP is increased in? |
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HM Hypophosphatasia Mg deficiency |
ALP is decreased in? |
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SHE Selective Chemical Inhibition Test Heat Stability Test Electrophoresis |
ALP isoenzyme fractions |
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Bowers and McComb method (kinetic method) |
Method for ALP |
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Infant Children Pregnant women |
ALP is normally increased in |
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Liver Bone |
2 major organs of ALP |
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ALP |
Any bone damage will increase what enzyme? |
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Magnesium Chloride |
Activator of ALP |
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- responsible for alkaline pH - phosphate acceptor - inhibits phosphate |
Function of DEA buffer |
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2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol |
Substitute for DEA buffer |
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ALP is 6x greater in concentration |
Why should we avoid hemolysis in ALP? |
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20 ul STD 1000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme in ALP |
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PILB Placental Intestinal Liver Bone |
Most heat stable to labile ALP isoenzyme |
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Intestinal isoenzymes in blood types B and O |
What ALP isoenzymes are increased in fatty meals? |
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Hepatobiliary disorders |
Clinical significance why physicians order ALP tests? |
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p-nitrophenol |
End product of ALP |
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For the reaction to occur |
Why is pH of ALP important? |
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DEA Diethanolamine buffer (10.35) |
Buffer in ALP |
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p-nitrophenylphosphate |
Substrate in ALP |
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Fasting serum |
Preferred specimen for ALP |
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Zinc |
ALP is a metalloenzyme and requires what trace element? |
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Principle of ALP |
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Colorimetric Humazym Test |
Principle of ACP |
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Citrate buffer (5.2) |
Buffer used in ACP |
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1- naphthyl phosphate |
Substrate in ACP |
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To preserve the viability of substrate |
Why is ACP substrate lyophilized? |
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Stabilizes serum @ Room Temperature |
Use of acetic acid in ACP |
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Citrated Plasma |
Specimen of choice for ACP |
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200 ul SAMPLE + 2000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme of ACP |
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No, it's PSA. Prostate Specific Antigen |
Is ACP highly specific? |
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0-35 ng/ml |
Normal value of ACP |
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Babson & Read & Philipps |
Method of ACP |
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1-naphthyl phosphate |
Main substrate of ACP |
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It acts as a chromogen |
Use of FR-TR salt in ACP |
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RBCs and Platelets |
What cells contain ACP? |
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Two-point assay |
ACP Type of Assay |
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Yes |
Is ALP a screening test? |
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1. PSA 2. BIOPSY |
If ACP is the screening test, what are the diagnostic markers? |
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ACP |
Decrease CO2 ; Increase pH = alkaline pH What enzyme is affected? |
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FR-TR Salt 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl diazonium salt |
Chromogen used in ACP |
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Amylum |
Old name of Amylase |
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Colorimetric test for alpha-Amylase |
Principle of amylase |
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Maltotrioside method |
Method of Amylase |
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2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-maltotrioside |
New substrate of Amylase |
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MES buffer (6.0) 2-(n-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid |
Buffer used in Amylase |
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CALCIUM acetate Sodium CHLORIDE |
Activators of Amylase |
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20 ul SAMPLE + 1000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme for Amylase |
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6.9 |
Optimum pH of Amylase |
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24 hours |
Peak of Amylase and Lipase |
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6 hours |
Rise of Lipase |
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2-12 hours |
Rise of Amylase |
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3-5 days |
Amylase will normalize after? |
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8-14 days |
Lipase will normalize after? |
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O sir, PED pa. Obstruction of the pancreatic duct Salivary gland lesions (mumps) Intraabdominal disease Renal insufficiency Peptic ulcer Ectopic pregnancy Diabetic ketoacidosis Patients who are alcoholics Acute Pancreatitis |
Clinical significance of increase Amylase |
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2-chloro-4-nitrophenol |
End product of Amylase |
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Acute Pancreatitis |
P3 is pathognomic for? |
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Lipase |
Enzyme which is most specific for pancreatic marker |
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Amylase |
Earliest acute pancreatitis marker |
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LiquiUV test |
Principle of ALT |
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Expert Panel of the IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) |
IFCC definition |
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TRIS buffer (pH 7.5) |
Buffer for ALT |
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200 ul SAMPLE + 1000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme of ALT |
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Kinetic method |
Method for ALT |
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Because ALT is mainly produced in the LIVER. |
Why is ALT considered as liver specific given that AST has the highest activity in hepatocytes? |
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- Post transfusional hepatitis - Occupational Toxic Exposure |
ALT is a screening test for? |
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Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (associated with Vitamin B6) |
Coenzyme for AST and ALT |
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AST (16 hours) It has a shorter half life. |
In cases of hepatitis, which will rise first in patient's serum? |
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24 hours |
Half life of ALT |
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AST/ ALT |
Deritis ratio |
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L- alanine |
Amino donor in ALT |
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2- oxoglutarate |
Amino acceptor of ALT |
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LDH |
2nd coupling enzyme or auxilliary enzyme of ALT |
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It acts as a secondary substrate. |
Role of NADH in ALT |
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LiquiUV test |
Principle for AST |
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Karmen method (kinetic method) |
Method for AST |
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TRIS buffer (pH 7.8) |
Buffer for AST |
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L- aspartate |
Amino acid donor in AST |
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MDH |
2nd coupling enzyme in AST |
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2- oxoglutarate |
Amino acid acceptor of AST |
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Nonhemolyzed serum |
Preferred specimen for AST |
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200 ul SAMPLE + 1000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme for AST |
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Heart |
Main organ for AST |
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Liver |
Main organ for ALT |
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Photometric Test for Calcium |
Principle of Calcium liquicolor |
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CPC Method O-cresolphthalein-complexone |
Method for Calcium |
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Lysine buffer (pH 11.1) |
Buffer for Calcium |
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8-Hydroxyquinoline |
Yellow masking agent and removes Magnesium interference in Calcium |
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Serum Lithium Heparinized plasma |
Specimen in Calcium |
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20 ul STD + 1000 ul RGT |
Pipetting scheme of Calcium |
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Ionized Calcium |
Form of calcium that is closely monitored during surgery |
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Myocardial contraction Blood coagulation Skeletal mineralization Synthesis and regulation of endocrine and exocrine glands |
Functions of Calcium |
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PTH Vitamin D Calcitonin |
Regulators of Serum Calcium |
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-It must be transported in ice - blood should be collected anaerobically |
Special specimen consideration for Calcium |
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Photometric Colorimetric Test for Chloride |
Principle of Chloride |
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TPTZ 2,4,6-Tri-(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine Or Mercuric Thiocyanate Method |
Method for Chloride |
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Iron Sulfate |
Stabilizes the colored compound of Chloride |
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Serum CSF Urine |
Specimen for Chloride |
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50 ul SAMPLE + 2000 ul RGT |
Macro pipetting scheme of Chloride |
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Major extracellular anion The ONLY ANION enzyme activator |
What is Chloride? |
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Van den Berg reaction |
Principle for Bilirubin |
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Modified Jendrassik Grof Method |
Method for Bilirubin |
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Sulphanilic acid + Sodium nitrite |
DSA? |
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Bilirubin + DSA |
Direct Azobilirubin? |
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Bilirubin + DSA + accelerator |
Total Azobilirubin? |
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Sulphanilic acid Hydrochloric acid |
Destroys excess diazo rgt in bilirubin |
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Caffeine / Caffeine Sodium Benzoate |
Accelerator in Bilirubin |
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Sodium nitrite |
Aids in color intensity for Bilirubin |
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Because hemoglobin will compete with diazo reagent |
Why should you avoid hemolysis in Bilirubin? |
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Improper storage of Total Bilirubin |
Why are there black ppt in Bilirubin? |
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Evelyn Malloy method |
Bilirubin method which uses pH 1.2 |
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RPA Red Purple Azobilirubin |
End product of bilirubin |
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To prevent protein precipitation |
Use of Sodium benzoate in Bilirubin |
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SGOT Albumin concentration Prothrombin Time Serum Bilirubin Plasma enzymes: GGT 5-NT ALP |
Other tests that will assess Liver Function |
