Bsc 2010 Lesson 28

Front 1

hormones

Back 1

chemical signals that are secretedinto the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Front 2

endocrine system

Back 2

secretes hormones that coordinate slowerbut longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energymetabolism, growth, and behavior

Front 3

nervous system

Back 3

conveys high-speedelectrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signalsregulate other cells

Front 4

chemical signals

Back 4

Function to relay information

Front 5

1.Hormones

2.Local regulators

3.Neurotransmitters

4.Neurohormones

5.Pheromones

Back 5

types of chemical signals (5)

Front 6

endocrine signaling

Back 6

Front 7

paracrine signaling

Back 7

Front 8

autocrine signaling

Back 8

Front 9

synaptic signaling

Back 9

Front 10

neuroendocrine signaling

Back 10

Front 11

hormones

Back 11

secretedinto extracellular fluids by endocrinecells reach their targets via thebloodstream

Front 12

endocrine glands

Back 12

ductless and secrete hormonesdirectly into the surrounding fluid

Front 13

exocrine glands

Back 13

have ducts and secrete ontobody surfaces

Front 14

-maintainshomeostasis

-mediates responses to stimuli

-regulates growth and development

Back 14

functions of endocrine signaling (3)

Front 15

local regulators

Back 15

molecules that act over shortdistances, reaching target cells solely bydiffusion.

Front 16

paracrine signaling

Back 16

the target cells lie near the secretingcells

Front 17

autocrine signaling

Back 17

the target cell is also the secretingcell

Front 18

synapses

Back 18

neurons form specialized junctionswith target cells

Front 19

neurotransmitters

Back 19

neuronssecrete molecules that diffuse short distances andbind to receptors on target cells

Front 20

neurohormones

Back 20

specializedneurosecretory cells secrete molecules that travel to target cells viathe bloodstream

Front 21

pheromones

Back 21

chemicalsthat are released into the environment

- used for markingtrails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, andattracting potential mates

Front 22

local regulators

Back 22

secretedmolecules that link neighboring cells or directly regulate the secreting cell

Front 23

cytokines

Back 23

local regulator that plays a role in immunity

Front 24

growth factors

Back 24

local regulator that plays a role in cell growth anddifferentiation

Front 25

nitric oxide

Back 25

local regulator that causes dilation of blood vessels, canalso act as a neurotransmitter

Front 26

prostaglandins

Back 26

local regulators in the immune system, they promote feverand inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain. They also regulate the formation of bloodclots.

Front 27

-polypeptides

-steroids

-amines

Back 27

classes of hormones (3)

Front 28

polypeptides and amines

Back 28

water-soluble hormones

Front 29

steroids

Back 29

lipid-soluble hormones

Front 30

water-soluble

Back 30

_____________ hormonesare secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream,and bind to cell-surfacereceptors

Front 31

lipid-soluble

Back 31

____________ hormonesdiffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream boundto transport proteins, anddiffuse through the membrane of target cells

Front 32

signal transduction pathway

Back 32

Binding of a hormone to itsreceptor initiates a

Front 33

epinephrine

Back 33

hasmultiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

Front 34

gene-expression

Back 34

The response to a lipid-solublehormone is usually a change in

Front 35

hormone-receptor complex

Back 35

Whena steroid hormone, thyroid hormones, or the hormonal form of vitamin D binds toits receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus, a ________ _______ is formed

Front 36

homeostasis

Back 36

Negative feedback regulates manyhormonal pathways involved in

Front 37

positive feedback

Back 37

reinforcesa stimulus to produce an even greater response

Front 38

hypothalamus

Back 38

receivesinformation from the nervous system and initiates responses through theendocrine system

Front 39

pituitary gland

Back 39

Attachedto the hypothalamus and composed of the posteriorpituitary and anterior pituitary

Front 40

posterior pituitary

Back 40

stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Front 41

anterior pituitary

Back 41

makes and releases hormones underregulation of the hypothalamus

Front 42

(ADH) antidiuretic hormone

Back 42

also known as vasopressin,regulates physiology and behavior

Front 43

oxytocin

Back 43

regulates milk secretion by the mammaryglands

Front 44

1.Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2.Luteinizing hormone (LH)

3.Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

4.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

5.Prolactin (PRL)6.Growth hormone (GH)

Back 44

anterior pituitary hormones (5)

Front 45

tropic hormone

Back 45

regulates the function of endocrine cellsor glands

-Ex. TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH,GH

Front 46

nontropic hormone

Back 46

does not regulate the function ofendocrine cells or glands. The targets are nonendocrinetissues.

Front 47

hormone-cascade pathway

Back 47

A hormone can stimulate the releaseof a series of other hormones, the last of which activates a nonendocrine target cell

Front 48

TRH----> TSH-----> thyroid hormone

Back 48

If thyroid hormone level drops inthe blood, the hypothalamus secretes

Front 49

thyroid hormone

Back 49

stimulatesmetabolism and influences development and maturation

Front 50

hypothyroidism

Back 50

toolittle thyroid function, can produce symptoms such as

-Weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance

Front 51

hyperthyroidism

Back 51

excessiveproduction of thyroid hormone, can lead to

-High temperature, sweating, weight loss,irritability, and high blood pressure

Front 52

Grave's disease

Back 52

aform of hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmunity, is typified by protruding eyes

Front 53

growth hormone

Back 53

secretedby the anterior pituitary gland and has tropic and nontropic effects

-Itpromotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects

Front 54

PTH and calcitonin

Back 54

Twoantagonistic hormones regulate the homeostasis of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood of mammals

Front 55

PTH

Back 55

increasesthe level of blood Ca2+

-It releases Ca2+ frombone and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+in the kidneys

Front 56

calcitonin

Back 56

decreasesthe level of blood Ca2+

-It stimulates Ca2+deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys

Front 57

adrenal gland

Back 57

consistsof two glands: the adrenalmedulla (inner portion) and adrenalcortex (outer portion)

Front 58

adrenal medulla

Back 58

secretesepinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline)

Front 59

catecholamines

Back 59

secreted in response tostress-activated impulses from the nervous system

Front 60

pancreatic islets

Back 60

clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas

Front 61

alpha cells

Back 61

produce glucagon in pancreas

Front 62

beta cells

Back 62

produces insulin in pancreas

Front 63

1.Promoting the cellular uptake ofglucose

2.Slowing glycogen breakdown in theliver

3.Promoting fat storage, not breakdown

Back 63

insulin reduces blood glucose levels by

Front 64

1.Stimulating conversion of glycogento glucose in the liver

2.Stimulating breakdown of fat andprotein into glucose

Back 64

glucagon increases blood glucose levels by

Front 65

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Back 65

(insulin-dependent) autoimmunedisorder in which the immune systemdestroys pancreatic beta cells

Front 66

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back 66

(non-insulin-dependent) involvesinsulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulinreceptors