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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
outside sources |
Living cells require energy from |
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sunlight; heat |
Energyflows into an ecosystem as ______ and leaves as ________. |
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O2 and organic molecules |
Photosynthesisgenerates |
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catabolic pathways |
release stored energy by breakingdown complex molecules -Electrontransfer plays a major role in these pathways -Theseprocesses are central to cellular respiration |
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fermentation |
apartial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 |
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aerobic respiration |
consumesorganic molecules and O2and yields ATP |
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anaerobic respiration |
similarto aerobic respiration but consumes compounds otherthan O2 |
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cellular respiration |
includesboth aerobic and anaerobic respiration but isoften used to refer to aerobic respiration |
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mitochondria; cytosol |
Aerobic respiration occurs in________ while fermentation occurs in the _______. |
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produced using free energy from the breakdown of glucose |
how to produce ATP |
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oxidation |
removalof electrons from ions or molecules |
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reduction |
addingelectrons to ions or molecules (the amount of positive charge is reduced) |
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redox reactions |
Electron transfer reactions are ______ reactions |
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oxidation of organic molecules |
Oftenlead to loss of C-H or C-C covalent bonds (oxidation of glucose releases energy to form ATP) -exergonic; spontaneous; -deltaG |
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reduction of organic molecules |
Oftenlead to a gain of C-H or C-C covalent bonds -endergonic; nonspontaneous; +deltaG |
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reducing agent |
The electron donor is called |
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oxidizing agent |
The electron receptor is called |
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redox |
Some _______ reactions do not transfer electrons butchange the electron sharing in covalent bonds |
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fuel; O2 |
Duringcellular respiration, the ________ (such as glucose) is oxidized, and _______ is reduced |
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electron transport chain |
NADH passes the electrons to the |
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-glycolysis -citric acid cycle -oxidative phosphorylation |
stages of cellular respiration (3) |
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glycolysis |
breaks down glucose into twomolecules of pyruvate -can occur without o2 |
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citric acid cycle |
completes the breakdown of glucose |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
accounts for most of the ATPsynthesis |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
Theprocess that generates most of the ATP because it is powered by redoxreactions -almost 90% of ATP |
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substrate-level phosphorylation |
Asmaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by |
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two molecules of pyruvate |
Glycolysis (“sugarsplitting”)breaks down glucose into |
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energy investment phase |
2 ATP used one by hexokinase, another byphosphofructokinase |
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energy pay off phase |
4 ATP made twoby phosphoglycerokinase, two by pyruvate kinase |
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-Partial oxidation of glucose to form 2pyruvic acid molecules (loss of C-C and C-H bonds) -Electrons removed from glucose byoxidation are added to the electron carrier NAD+ (2 NAD+ arereduced to 2 NADH) -Energy released by partial oxidation ofglucose converts 2 ADP + 2 PO4→ 2 ATP |
steps of glycolysis (3) |
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-2 pyruvate molecules + 2 H2O -2 ATP molecules -2 NADH + 2H+ |
products of glycolysis |
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citric acid cycle; kern's cycle |
completesthe break down of pyruvate to CO2 - takesplace within the mitochondrial matrix |
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-Partial oxidation breaks C-C bonds andreleases CO2 -Electrons from oxidation of pyruvic acidare added to NAD+and FAD to form NADH and FADH2,respectively -1 ATP is assembled from ADP + PO4 fromenergy released by oxidation |
steps of citric acid cycle (3) |
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-1ATP -3 NADH -1 FADH2 |
products of citric acid cycle |
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-2 ATP -6 NADH - 6H+ -2 FADH2 -4CO2 |
2 acetyl CoA molecules enter thecycle and produces a total of |
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-Theacetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate -Thenext seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the processa cycle -TheNADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relayelectrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain |
steps of citric acid cycle (8) |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
These two electron carriers donateelectrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via |
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cytochromes |
Electrons are passed through anumber of proteins including |
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no; directly |
The electron transport chaingenerates ____ ATP ______. |
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chemi-osmosis |
§theuse of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work |
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proton-motive force |
The H+ gradient is referred to as a |
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beta oxidation |
Fatty acids are broken down by betaoxidationand yield acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2 |