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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology |
§thescientific study of life |
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properties associated with life: (6) |
§Order §Evolutionary adaptation §Regulation §Reproduction §Response to environment §Growth and development Energyprocessing |
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Evolution |
§theprocess of change that has transformed life on Earth |
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Biological Organization |
1. Biosphere 2. ecosystems 3. communities 4.. populations 5.organisms 6. organs & organ systems 7. tissues 8. cells 9. cell organelles 10. molecules |
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Emergentproperties |
§resultfrom the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system |
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Reductionism |
§isthe reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageableto studyex. studying the molecularstructure of DNA |
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systemsbiology |
§analysisof the interactions among the parts of a biological system to explore emergent properties |
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correlation between structure andfunction |
§Ex: a leaf is thin and flat, maximizingthe capture of light by chloroplasts §Ex: the structure of a bird’s wing isadapted to flight |
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feedback |
Cells are able to coordinatevarious chemical pathways through a mechanism called |
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feedbackregulation |
§output,or product of a process, regulates that very process ex. negative feedback |
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DNA |
structures called chromosomescontain genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid |
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eukaryoticcell |
§membrane-enclosedorganelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus
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prokaryoticcell |
§simplerand usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosedorganelles |
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Genes |
encode information for building themolecules synthesized within the cell |
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DNA controls |
§thedevelopment and maintenance of organisms |
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nucleotides |
§Eachchain of DNA is made up of four kinds of these chemical building blocks nicknamed A, G, C, and T |
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Geneexpression |
§theprocess of converting information from gene to cellular product |
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Genes indirectly control |
protein production |
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DNA is transcribed into RNA and then |
translated into a protein |
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The scientific explanation for boththe unity and diversity of organisms is |
§theconcept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors |
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Charles Darwin published |
§Onthe Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 -“descentwith modification” -“Natural selection” |
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naturalselection |
§Evolutionoccurs as the unequal reproductive success of individualsIn other words, the environment “selects”for the propagation of beneficial traits |
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science |
§derived from Latin and means “to know” |
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Inquiry |
§thesearch for information and explanations of natural phenomena |
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Qualitativedata |
§often take the form of recordeddescriptions |
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Quantitativedata |
§are generally expressed as numericalmeasurement, organized into tables and graphs |
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Inductivereasoning |
§Repeatingspecific observations can lead to important generalizations (specifics to general) §Ex: “Thesun always rises in the east” §Ex: “All organisms are made of cells” |
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hypothesis |
§atentative answer to a well-framed scientific question §leadsto predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or byperforming experiments |
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Deductivereasoning |
§usesgeneral premises to make specific predictions§Deductive testing takes the form of “If…then” logic |
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theory |
§Broader in scope than a hypothesis §General, and can lead to new testablehypotheses §Supported by a large body of evidence incomparison to a hypothesis |
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matter |
§Matteris anything that takes up space and has mass |
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element |
§asubstance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions §Ex: sodium, chlorine |
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Compound |
is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio |
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essentialelements |
About 20–25% of the 92 elements areessential to life |
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Traceelements |
are those required by an organismin only minute quantities |
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atom |
§thesmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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atomicnucleus |
Neutrons and protons form the |
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daltons or amu |
Neutron mass and proton mass |
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atomicnumber |
the number of protons in itsnucleus |
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massnumber |
§ thesum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus |
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All atoms of an element have thesame number of protons but may differ in number of |
neutrons |
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Isotopes |
§twoatoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons §Ex: in carbon 14 (14C),there are 8 neutrons instead of 6 seen in carbon 12 (12C) |
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Radioactiveisotopes |
§decayspontaneously, giving off particles and energy -medicine -imaging -track metabolism atoms |
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Energy |
§capacityto cause change |
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Potentialenergy |
§theenergy that matter has because of its location or structure |
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§electronshell |
§Anelectron’sstate of potential energy is called its energy level §The lower the shell, the lower thepotential energy of the electrons; electrons absorb energy and move up a shellor release energy and move down |
