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6 Cards in this Set
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adenylyl cyclase
amplification apoptosis biofilm cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
-(uh-den´-uh-lil) An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal.
-The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. -(a-puh-to´-sus) A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. -A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. -Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. |
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cytoplasm
diacylglycerol (DAG) epinephrine G protein gap junction |
-(si´-to-plaz´-um) The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
-(di-a'-sil-glis'-er-ol) A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. -(ep'-i-nef'-rin) A catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates “fight-or-flight” responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. -A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. -A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. |
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glycogen
growth factor inositol trisphosphate (IP3) ligand ligand-gated ion channel |
-(gli´-ko-jen) An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
-(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. -(in-o´-suh-tol) A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. -(lig´-und) A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. -A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. |
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local regulator
nitric oxide (NO) protein kinase protein phosphatase receptor tyrosine kinase |
-A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted.
-A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter. -An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein. -An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. -A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. |
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scaffolding protein
second messenger signal transduction signal transduction pathway testosterone |
-A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.
-A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. -The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. -A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. -A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. |
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transcription factor
transduction yeast |
-A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.
-(1) A type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another. (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. -Single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell; some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types. |
