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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The body defences chart/flow chart. |
Immunity Inborn Acquired/3rd Line 1st Line 2nd Line Humoral & CMI |
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What is an antigen? E.g? |
Anything foreign to you, the host. E.g. microbes E.g. proteins from other species (hair, dust mites) E.g. Transplanted tissues |
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What are some of the main portals of entry (& exit) for microbes? |
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What are the 3 different ways the portals are protected? |
Physical barriers Chemical barriers Biological barriers |
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A body defence can either be general or not. How is this described? What line of defence does either category represent? |
Specific immunity. 3rd line defence. or Non-specific immunity. 1st and 2nd line of defence. |
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Is the 1st line of defence specific or non-specific? Inborn or acquired? What types exist? E.g.? |
Non-specific. Inborn. Physical, chemical, biological. e.g. skin (phys), mucous membranes, sebum , enzymes (chem),flushing of urine, lysozyme, normal flora (bio) |
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List some sterilisation techniques. |
UV/radiation Heat Chemical agents Filtration Freezing Pasteurisation |
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What is the name of an inanimate object capable of transmitting organisms? |
An indirect vehicle. |
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What microorganisms are important for healthcare? |
Helminths Protozoa Viruses Bacteria Funghi |
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Microorganisms are classed in two ways. Give those 2 ways and a few words to describe them (inc e.g.). |
Prokaryote: Mostly unicellular. No nucleus. E.g. Bacteria & virus Eukaryotes: Normal cell division. Nucleus. Organelles. E.g. Funghi, helminths, protozoa. |
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How do second line defences treat invaders? What are some examples of this? |
They treat them all the same. E.g. phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial compounds |
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What is phagocytosis? What type of defence is this (type, sp/nonsp) |
When phagocytes/WBCs patrol, then attracted to site by chemotaxis, then devour invader. Non-specific. 2nd line defence. |
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What cells are involved in phagocytosis? |
NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages |
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What is inflammation? What is it triggered by? What is it supported by? |
A localised response - reddened, swollen, etc. Damaged cells sending out chem msgs. Often coupled with phagocytosis. |
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What are the roles of inflammation? |
• Destroys and removes agent. • Limits effects of injurious agent• Cleans-up dead tissue & debris• Repairs or replaces damaged tissue • promotes healing |
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What are the stages of inflammation? |
1. Vasodilation (more capillary permeability, more ability to remove toxic & dead cells) 2. Phagocyte migration. Neutrophils 1st, then Leukocytes. 3. Monocytes then arrive. Turn into macrophages. 4. Repair. |
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What attracts Neutrophils & Leukocytes to the site of inflammation? |
Chemotaxis - the damaged area sends chem msgs. |
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What are the 5 signs of inflammation? |
Redness Soreness Loss of movement/ability Heat Swelling |
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What type of response is fever? What actually happens/what is reset? |
- A systemic response, non-specific 2nd line defence. - Temp gauge in the hypothalamus is reset - Body tries to get to higher temp! |
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What are the 2 types of antimicrobial compounds? What do they do? |
- Interferon - Complement Support the immune cells. |
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What are the 4 characteristics of 3rd line defence? |
- Versatility - Specificity - Memory - Tolerance |
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What does versatility mean in 3rd line defence? |
WBCs can attack a variety of intruders |
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What does specificity mean in 3rd line defence? |
Each B cell or T cell is programmed to actagainst one invader only aka Measles antibody no good against mumps antibody |
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What does memory mean in 3rd line defence? |
EVERY different target (pathogen) will cause adedicated fighter (T cell or B cell) to be made |
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What does tolerance mean in 3rd line defence? |
The immune system ignores self-antigens |
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What are the 2 types of 3rd line defence? |
Cell Mediated Immunity & Hummoral immunity |
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What is humoral immunity? |
• B lymphocytes from stem cell in bone marrow (B cells) • B cells make antibodies (immunoglobulin/Ig) - 3rd line acquired defence |
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What is CMI? |
Cell mediated immunity 3rd line defence Cells kill directly - no antibody made. T CELLS. Kills: funghi, microbes inside cells, cancer cells, transplanted tissues |
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What are the 4 types of immunity? |
Active Passive Naturally acquired Artificially acquired |
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E.g. of active immunity? |
Make your own antibodies e.g. encounter a disease |
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E.g of passive immunity? |
Antibodies given to you e.g. mothers milk |
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E.g. of naturally acquired immunity? |
Antibodies across placenta Come into contact with disease, make antibodies |
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E.g. of artificially acquired immunity? |
Vaccine |
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What are the 4 subtypes of the 4 types of immunity? lol |
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E.g. of active natural? |
get disease, make own antibodies for life |
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E.g. of active artificial? |
immunisation, make own antibodies for life |
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E.g. of passive natural? |
breast milk antibodies placenta antibodies when those run out, nothing left |
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E.g. of passive artificial? |
small amount of coverage AKA snake anti-venom |
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