Biol121 Week 11 Lecture B Pharmacology

Front 1

What is pharmacology ?

Back 1

The study of drugs & their actions and effects on living systems

Front 2

What is the study of how the drug works?

Back 2

Pharmacodynamics

Hint 2

Dynamics :

D :

Drugs

Front 3

What is the study of how the body affects the drug?

Back 3

Pharmacokinetics

Hint 3

Kintetics

K :

AffeKts / aKts

Front 4

Define drugs.

2 parts.

Back 4

‘Any substance or product that is used tomodify or explore physiologicalsystems of pathological states for the benefit of the recipient’ ‘Any substancethat acts on living tissue’

Front 5

What is the "indicator" ?

Back 5

The condition or disease for which a drug is prescribed.

Front 6

What are the (4) elements of pharmokinetics.

Back 6

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Hint 6

ADME=Sad facebook guy

Front 7

What are contraindications?

Back 7

The diseases or conditions where a drug should not be used e.g. pregnancy is a contraindication for many drugs.

Front 8

What are pharmacological effects?

Back 8

The effects of the drug.

Front 9

What are drug intereactions ?

Back 9

When two drugs compete with, interfere, cancel each other out, or cause a side effect in combination e.g. warfarin and aspirin

Front 10

Where do drugs come from? (5) Try give an example of each.

Back 10

1. Micro-organisms (fungi is antibiotics)

2. Humans & other animals (insulin)

3. Minerals (iron)

4. Substances synthesised in labs (anti-depressants)

5. Plants (cocaine, morphine)

Front 11

What are the three characteristics of useful drugs?

Back 11

potent (small but punchy)

selective (act on a particular tissue or receptor or process)

specific

Hint 11

PSS

Front 12

What are the (4) ways drugs are named?

Back 12

1. Chemical.

2. Generic. Group name/family name. Drug surnames. e.g. benzodiazepines

3. Approved. Also called "non-propriety/generic". Active ingredient. e.g diazepam

4. Trade. Proprietary or brand name. E.g. valium.

Front 13

What is the pregnancy safety categorisation?

Back 13

A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, X

^ A being okay for fetas, X being thalidomide

Front 14

What does parenteral mean?

What is the formulation?

Back 14

Injections. (though tech mean anything outside of oral)

Solution.

Front 15

What are the (10) ways drugs can enter the body?

Back 15

Parenteral (injection)

Rectal

Oral

Vaginal

Intranasal

Sublingual

Otic (ear)

Transdermal

Opthalamic (eye)

Topical

Hint 15

PROVISO TOT.

Front 16

What are the formulations of oral administration?

Back 16

Tablet, capsule, syrup

Front 17

What are the formulations of vaginal administration?

Back 17

Pessaries

Front 18

1. What are the advantages of oral administration? (4)

2. What are the disadvantages of oral administration? (2)

Back 18

1. natural, uncomplicated, convenient, removable

2. Slow response, irregular absorption

Front 19

What is the excipient?

Back 19

The inert binding material that binds the compact powder in tablet

Front 20

What are sustained-release preparations?

Back 20

Tablet is formulate in such a way that it slowly releases into the G.I tract e.g resin, another layer, resin etc THEN drug

Front 21

What are controlled-release preparations?

Back 21

Drugs/tablets constructed in a way where their release is consistent along the G.I tract an between users

Front 22

What are enteric coated tablets?

Back 22

Tablets coated in a substance which protects the tablet/substance from being released within the stomach acids

Front 23

1. What takes place in sublingual administration?

2. What does this method avoid? (2)

Back 23

1. The application of the drug to the inguinal mucous underneath the tongue

2. Bypasses the hepatic portal system & avoids mixing with gastric juices/food

Front 24

1. Why would a drug be administered topically?

2. What are three examples?

Back 24

1. For local or systemic effects.

2. Patch, pessaries, intranasal spray

Front 25

1. What are the advantages of rectal drug administration?

2. What are the disadvantages?

3. What are (2) rectal administrations?

Back 25

1. Good for people with difficulties swallowing, nausea, vomiting

2. Difficulties administering

3. i) suppository (rectal mucosa) ii) enema (also 4 causing bowl motion)

Front 26

1. What are the advantages of parenteral drug administration? (2)

2. What are the disadvantages? (3)

3. What are some examples (3)?

Back 26

1. Alternative to oral, much faster.

2. Problems administering, invasive, nonrecoverable

3. Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous

Front 27

1. What is a dosage regime?

2. What is its aim?

3. What type of ratios exist? (4)

Back 27

1. The amount + frequency of drugs administered.

2. To achieve therapeutic effects whilst avoiding toxicity

3. Fixed, variable, max dose tolerated or repeated

Front 28

What are (5) things that alter drug dosage?

Back 28

1. Age

2. Body weight

3. Pregnancy

4. Other drugs

5. Smoking

Front 29

What is the definition of therapeutic range?

What does it lie between?

Back 29

range of drug concentrations having a high probability ofcausing desired therapeutic effect & a low probability ofcausing toxic effects

Lies between minimum therapeutic concentration + minimum toxic concentration

Front 30

How is the therapeutic index calculated?

When are drugs safe?

Back 30

Give a bunch to mine - see at what amount 50% die & and what amount is there benefit.

When they have a small therapeutic index.

Front 31

What is volume of distribution?

e.g. of this!

Back 31

Theoretical volume

Distribution gets bigger the more areas the drug can enter e.g. just in plasma = distribution is the same volume as plasma (5L). In bones? Distribution greater.

E.G women have less volume of distribution for alcohol because we have less water more fat

Hint 31

Front 32

1. What is the definition of drug clearance?

2. How does this help calculate dose?

Back 32

1. The volume of blood cleared irreversibly of a drug per unit of time / how quickly it is eliminated

2. determines the rate required to keep the dose at therapeutic levels

Front 33

What is drug 1/2 life time?

What is it a determinant of? (3)

Back 33

- the time for the plasma or blood concentration of drugto decrease by one half

- 1) duration of action of drug after single dose2) time taken to reach steady state concentration3) dosing frequency

Hint 33

[drug] = 1000 mg/l at 0 hr

[drug] = 500 mg/l after 4 hr

*[] = concentration

Front 34

How many doses does it take a drug to get into steady state concentration?

Back 34

4 to 5

Front 35

1. What is the definition of drug absorption?

2. What determines absorption/whether a drug can cross cell membranes @ sites? (2)

Back 35

1. Passage of a drug from its site of administration into plasma

2. i) nature of absorbing surface. ii) chemical structure of drug (fat soluble better).

Front 36

1. What is the definition of drug distribution?

2. What are the only drugs that can have an effect?

Back 36

1. transfer of drug between locations (via blood)

2. "free" drugs / those without charge.

Front 37

1. What is the definition of drug metabolism? (2)

2. What does this do to drugs?

Back 37

1. i) enzyme modification of drug molecules ii) start of the elimination process

2. metabolism of drugs by the liver renders drugs hydrophilic(not lipid soluble)

Front 38

What is bioavailability? What is it expressed as?

Back 38

amount of drug that is available to the body to produce a therapeutic effect

As a %

Front 39

1. What is the definition of drug excretion?

Back 39

1. irreversible loss of unchanged drug or metabolite from bodyeg) in urine

Front 40

1. What do drugs act on in our body?

2. What via?

3. What do they bind to?

Back 40

1. DNA

2. Chemical reaction

3. Protein molecules (primary drug targets)

Front 41

What are the (4) main primary drug targets/protein molecules concerned in drugs?

Back 41

1. carrier molecules

2. enzymes

3. ion channels

4. receptors

Front 42

1. What are receptors?

2. What is a ligand?

Back 42

1. a group of proteins that are drug targets

2. Part of the drug molecule that binds to the receptor

Front 43

1. How do drugs act on receptors?

2. What is an agonist?

3. What is an antagonist?

Back 43

1. By binding to them either on the cell membrane or to receptors within the cell in the cytosol

2. Agonist = drug that binds to the receptor and activates it (full or partial).

3. One that binds and blocks our own chems from binding aka beta-blockers