[Final] Biol 1009 - Spring 2015

Front 1

On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tome, two species of fruit fly exist, Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about wo hundred miles away. At higher elevations, on the Sao Tome, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though mail hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle eleveations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n= 4 in both species). Sao Tome rose form the Atlantic Ocean bout fourteen million years ago.

The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea _____.

Back 1

descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members with D. yakuba phenotype. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere

Front 2

Which term includes all others?

- species, diversity

- biodiversity

- genetic diversity

- ecosystem diversity

Back 2

biodiversity

Front 3

Which factor most likely cause animals an dplants in India to differ greatly form species in nearby southeast Asia?

Back 3

India was a sperate continent until forty-five million years ago.

Front 4

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?

Back 4

iteroparous; K-selected

Front 5

Relate the number of species present to the presense of a Keystone predator

Back 5

Removing a keystone species from the community drastically reduces diversity.

Front 6

The observation that only one of an individual's two alleles at each locus ends up in each gamete is also called:

Back 6

the law of segregation

Front 7

What would be the sequence of the RNA molecule made using the following DNA strand as a template?

5' TCTGAA 3'

Back 7

5' UUCAGA 3'

Front 8

Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient aerobic bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?

Back 8

Plantea

Front 9

Sex determination in mammals is due to the SRY gene. Which of the following could allow a person with an XX karyotype to develop a male phenotype?

Back 9

translocation of SRY to a X chromosome

Front 10

Can survivorship increase in nature?

Back 10

No

Front 11

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two allels, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele?

Back 11

0.16

Front 12

If the power of the eyepiece of a microscope is 10 and the power of the objective lens for that microscope is 50...

Back 12

the microscope will magnify images 500 times

Front 13

If Darwin had been aware of genes and their typical mode of transmission to subsequent generations, with which statement would he most likely have been in agreement?

Back 13

If natural selection can change allele frequencies in a population over generations, given enough time and genetic diversity, then natural selection can cause sufficient genetic changes to produce new species from old ones

Front 14

Which of the following is widely supported explanation for the tendency of tropical communities to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

Back 14

Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities

Front 15

The first step in ecoystem restoration is to _____.

Back 15

restore the physical structure

Front 16

If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will likely take the place of the coniferous forest (taiga)?

Back 16

temperate broadleaf forest and grassland

Front 17

A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species?

Back 17

The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads than in populations distant from the hybrid zone.

Front 18

Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W,X,Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?

Back 18

25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z

Front 19

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification (biomagnification)?

Back 19

Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary onsumers

Front 20

Which structure provides cytoplasmic channels between neighboring cells?

Back 20

gap junctions

Front 21

Under the virulence/transmission trade-off hypothesis , a parasite that badly harms its host is expected to be _____________.

Back 21

less easily transmitted than virus that has less serious effects on its host

Front 22

Currently, two extant elephant species ( X and Y ) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third pecies (Z) is placed in the geneus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?

Back 22

Species X and Y share a greater number homologies with each other than either does with species Z.

Front 23

Which trophic level is most vulnerable to extinction?

- producer level

- primary consumer level

- secondary consumer level

- tertiary consumer level

Back 23

tertiary consumer level

Front 24

Viruses ____.

Back 24

use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins

Front 25

Which component is not directly involved in translation?

Back 25

DNA

Front 26

Why did the researchers include the mitochondrial DNA genes as part of their experimental design?

Back 26

Allele changes for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations.

Front 27

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing afer a day and then die. These two frog species are kept separate by ____.

Back 27

reduced hybrid viablity

Front 28

Which of the following types of organisms is likely to have the widest geographic distribution?

- bacteria

- songbirds

- bears

- lizards

Back 28

bacteria

Front 29

Approximately how many kilograms (kg) of carnivore (secondary consumers) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material?

Back 29

10

Front 30

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ____.

Back 30

polyploidy

Front 31

Rocky Mountain juniper and one-seeded juniper have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. These two juniper species are kept separate by ____.

Back 31

gametic isolation

Front 32

The inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants has been found to be determined only by the maternal parent. What phenomenon most likely explains this patter?

Back 32

chloroplast inheritance

Front 33

Overharvesting increases extinction risk most in ___.

Back 33

large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates

Front 34

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology? Dogs and wolves ____.

Back 34

share a very recent common ancestor

Front 35

The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated eight hundred kilometers in fifteen years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to forty-six other states in five years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to ____.

Back 35

the mobility of their hosts

Front 36

In Drosophilia melanogaster, vestigial wings are caused by a recessive allele of a gene that is linked to a gene with arecessive allele that causes black body color. Morgan crossed black-bodied, vestigial-winged females and gray-bodied, vestigial-winged males. The F1were all gray bodied, normal winged. The F1 females were crossed to homozygous recessive males ot produce testcross progeny. Morgan calculated the map distance to be 17 map units. Which of the following is correct about testcross progeny?

Back 36

gray-bodied, normal-winged flies PLUS black-bodied, vestigial-winged flies = 17% of the total

Front 37

The success of plants extending their range northward following glacial retreat is most determined by ____.

Back 37

their seed dispersal rate

Front 38

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere?

Back 38

Acid precipitation

Front 39

Overharvesting increases extinction risk most in ____.

Back 39

large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates

Front 40

The tendency toward obesity in humans is related to both environmental variables and to

Back 40

variation in the number of copies of the salivary amylase gene, with higher copy number predicting reduced tendency toward obesity

Front 41

Phenotypic complexity shares a direct linear relationship with Gene-Duplications (T/F)?

Back 41

False

Front 42

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy of a cell?

- hydrolysis

- respiration

- dehydration reactions

- catabolism

Back 42

dehydration reactions

Front 43

How does fat leave the body?

Back 43

It was released as CO2 and H2O

Front 44

The fact that organisms cannot necessarily evolve any trait that could be an advantage reflections _____.

Back 44

the limits of historical constraints

Front 45

Certain proteins of the complex motor that drives bacterial flagella are modified versions of proteins that had previously belonged to plasma membrane pumps. This evidence supports the claim that _____.

Back 45

natural selection can produce new structures by coupling together parts of other strucures

Front 46

To recycle nutrients, an ecosystem must have, at minimum, _____.

Back 46

producers and decomposers

Front 47

Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, assuming all of them have existed for at least a few million years?

Back 47

an isolated ocean island in the tropics

Front 48

For applications in gene therapy, what is the most favorable characteristic of retroviruses?

Back 48

DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell

Front 49

Which of the following is an important feature of most terrestrial biomes?

Back 49

vegetation demonstrating vertical layering

Front 50

Give an example of an ecosystem

Back 50

all of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rain forest

Front 51

In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit productivity?

Back 51

light availablity

Front 52

The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ____.

Back 52

reduced hybrid fertility

Front 53

A recessive allele is one that

Back 53

is not expressed when in the presence of a dominate allele at the same locus

Front 54

Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure above. What is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

Back 54

nitrogen fixation by bacteria

Front 55

According to the equilibrium model of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on an island that is _____.

Back 55

large and close to a mainland.

Front 56

Which of the following groups is most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?

Back 56

red squirrels, who actively defend territories.

Front 57

Which ecosystem category makes available the highest productivity per square meter?

Back 57

algal beds and reefs

Front 58

Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?

Back 58

the rate of the decomposition in the ecosystem

Front 59

When imbalances occur in the sex ratio of sexual species that have two sexes (that is other than a 50:50 ratio), the members of the minority sex often receive a greater proportion of care and resources form parents than do the offspring of the majority sex. This is most clearly an example of ______.

Back 59

frequency-dependent selection

Front 60

Resource partitioning would be most likely to occur between ____.

Back 60

sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches.

Front 61

Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by _____.

Back 61

moderate levels of disturbance