Bio 360 - Animal Physiology (2)

Front 1

Define Metabolic Rate

Back 1

The energy metabolism per unit time.

Front 2

What is BMR?

Back 2

Basal Metabolic Rate, or the metabolic rate of a resting bird or mammal.

Front 3

What is SMR?

Back 3

Is the Standard Metabolic Rate, or the metabolic rate of a resting, fasted, unstressed poikilotherm.

Front 4

What are the two most common methods for measuring metabolic rate?

Back 4

Oxygen consumption and Total Heat production.

Front 5

What is the relationship between body size and metabolism?

Back 5

It is inversely proportional, meaning that the smaller the animal, the higher the metabolism.

Front 6

What is the slope of the relationship between body size and metabolism?

Back 6

0.75

Front 7

What are three other organs or bodily functions that are proportional to body size, aside from metabolic rate.

Back 7

Heart Rate, Heart Size, and Lung Volume

Front 8

Why is the loss of heat not the only reason body size and metabolism are related?

Back 8

The relationship is shown in fish, crabs and trees which dont have to deal with heat loss, and if it were the only reason, the regression line should be 0.67 and not 0.75

Front 9

Define and give an example of a Homeotherm.

Back 9

Homeotherms maintain body temps above or below ambient temps when exposed to changing environmental temperatures. One example is a mammal.

Front 10

What is a poikilotherm?

Back 10

An animal that allows its body temperature to fluctuate with the change in the ambient temperature.

Front 11

What is an ectotherm?

Back 11

An animal that relies on the environment for control of their body temperature

Front 12

What is an endotherm?

Back 12

Organism that relys on heat generated internally to maintain body temperature.

Front 13

What effect does body mass have on internal temperature?

Back 13

The smaller the body size the harder it is to maintain body temperature, whereas the larger the body size, the easier to keep heat.

Front 14

What are the ecological benefits of being an ectotherm?

Back 14

Spend less energy on thermal regulation, allowing less need for food foraging, less risk for becoming prey.

Allows for more energy to be put into growth and reproduction.

They can be small

Front 15

What are some ecological costs associated with being an ectotherm?

Back 15

They are dependant on the environment for warmth

They have a lower metabolic rate, which limits the amount of burst activity.

Front 16

What are some ecological benefits of being an endotherm?

Back 16

Can have specialized enzymes

Can sustain long periods of strenuous activity.

Front 17

What are some costs of being an endotherm?

Back 17

Must eat and drink much more frequently.

Have a high metabolic rate, which means higher respiratory rate and higher water loss.

Requires a lot more energy.

Front 18

What are the six diving issues that need to be dealt with?

Back 18

1-Bends or Diving Disease
2-Oxygen Toxicity
3-Narcotic effects of gasses
4-Oxygen supply/debt
5-High pressure effects
6-Carbon Dioxide buildup

Front 19

What causes the bends?

Back 19

Nitrogen gas from the lungs is diffused into the bloodstream at high pressure.

Front 20

Why do most mammals not get the bends?

Back 20

They exhale before they dive.

Front 21

How do diving mammals avoid oxygen toxicity and the narcotic effects of gasses?

Back 21

They do not breathe a continuous supply of air.

Front 22

What are probable solutions for extending underwater time of diving animals?

Back 22

Increased oxygen storage
Use of anaerobic processes
Decreased Oxygen Consumption
Aquatic Respiration

Front 23

How is oxygen storage increased without increasing the lung volume?

Back 23

Blood volume is increased with higher hemoglibin content, as well as higher myoglobin.

Front 24

How do animals decrease the amount of energy required during a dive? (Three ways)

Back 24

Slowing their heart rate
Glide in the water
Reduce blood flow to heart, brain, and lung and decrease metabolic rate.

Front 25

Why is lactic acid not release from their muscles until they surface?

Back 25

The lactic acid store is saved until oxygen is available to perform the Krebs cycle and turn the lactic acid into usable energy.

Front 26

What is the maximum body temperature at which most animals die?

Back 26

50 degrees Celcius

Front 27

What are the five factors of probable cause of heat death?

Back 27

1) Denaturation of Proteins
2) Effects on cellular membranes
3) Activation of enzymes exceeds rates of formation
4)Inadequate Oxygen Supply
5) Temperature effects on interdependent metabolic reactions

Front 28

Which factors of probable cause of heat death are most likely to be the case?

Back 28

Changes in membrane structure, and the alteration of metabolic processes.

Front 29

What is cold hardiness?

Back 29

The physiological characteristics that allow poikilotherms to survive subzero temperatures.

Front 30

What two categories are arctic groups categorized in?

Back 30

Freeze Tolerant, and Freeze Intolerant

Front 31

What are glycerol and glycoproteins used for?

Back 31

Preventing or stopping the crystal lattice of ice from forming.

Front 32

What are the significance and characteristics of glycoproteins?

Back 32

It attaches itself to the surface of an ice crystal, therefore preventing the formation of the crystal lattice.

Front 33

What is the evolutionary significance of glycoproteins?

Back 33

The presence of glycoproteins can be found in 11 different phylogenetic families, indicating that these evolved independantly, illustrating convergent evolution.

Front 34

What are some examples of freeze tolerant animals?

Back 34

Intertidal animals, Midge larvae from Alaska, A wood frog.

Front 35

What are the three factors of ice formation?

Back 35

1) Temperature
2) Nucleating Agents
3) Time

Front 36

How and why do animals range of tolerance change throughout the year?

Back 36

Tolerance ranges change throughout the year due to acclimation, and it is related to metabolic processes, however the exact mechanism is unknown.

Front 37

From where do endothermic animals generate heat?

Back 37

From the major organs, heart, kidney, liver, brain, etc...

Front 38

What is TNZ?

Back 38

Thermal Neutral Zone is the range of temperatures in which a homeotherm can control heat loss from the skin and maintain BMR.

Front 39

What is an upper critical temperature?

Back 39

Point where metabolism must be increased in order to dissipate heat.

Front 40

What is a lower critical temperature?

Back 40

The point at which metabolic heat production and heat lost to the environment cannot be maintained.

Front 41

Do primitive groups have a higher or lower core temperature in relation to higher mammals for example?

Back 41

Lower

Front 42

What is the cause of fever?

Back 42

A virus or bacteria entering the system

Front 43

What part of the body maintains a higher temperature during a fever?

Back 43

The hypothalmus

Front 44

What is a pyrogen?

Back 44

A substance that induces fever, found with bacteria and viruses.

Front 45

What are the five factors that affect total heat content?

Back 45

1) Metabolic Heat Production
2) Rate of conductive and convective heat exchange
3) Rate of net radiation heat exchange
4) Rate of evaporative heat loss
5) Rate storage of heat in the body

Front 46

What is the difference of convection and conduction in air versus water?

Back 46

Water has high thermal conductance, whereas air is a poor thermal conductor.

Front 47

What is the relationship between insulation and conduction?

Back 47

They are reciprical values.

Front 48

What is radiation?

Back 48

The absorption of electro-magnetic radiation. For example, gaining heat from a sun baked rock just by being close.

Front 49

What is evaporation?

Back 49

The loss of heat by vaporizing water.

Front 50

How does respiration play into temperature regulation in aquatic environment?

Back 50

Respiration includes breathing water, which then causes the blood to match the ambient temperature.

Front 51

Give one example of respiration functioning for heat exchange.

Back 51

Reindeer have specialized nasal passages that allow them to maintain heat from breething in the cold arctic air.

Front 52

List three things that animals can adjust to live in cold environments.

Back 52

1) Increase heat production
2) Conductance
3) Lower critical temperature

Front 53

What are three ways animals can increase metabolic rate?

Back 53

1) Involuntary muscle contractions
2) Increased muscular activity and excercise
3) nonshivering thermogenesis.

Front 54

What adaptations does a polar bear have to reduce convection and conduction?

Back 54

Hollow hair folocules and blubber

Front 55

What are four ways birds adapt to cold environments?

Back 55

1) Change conductance by raising feathers, fluffing

2) Increased movement

3) Drop surface temperature to maintain core temperature through countercurrent heat exchange.

4) Lower their core temperatures