Animal Physiology 1

Front 1

What is physiology?

Back 1

the study of the functions and vital processes, collectively of an organism, or of an organ or system of organs

Front 2

What are three focal examples in which transport occurs?

Back 2

1. Cell membranes
2. Cell monolayers
3. Luminal to serosal compartments

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

internal consistency and/or coordination of processes

Front 4

CHEMICAL
1. Transport Units
2. Driving Force
3. Resistance Factors

Back 4

1. flux = moles/sec
2. concentration gradient
3. viscosity, particle size, permeability, difusion distance

Front 5

HYDRAULIC
1. Transport Units
2. Driving Force
3. Resistance Factors

Back 5

1. flow = liter/min
2. pressure gradient
3. viscosity, vessel radius, vessel length

Front 6

ELECTRICAL
1. Transport Units
2. Driving Force
3. Resistance Factors

Back 6

1. current = C/sec
2. voltage gradient
3. conductivity, diameter of conductor

Front 7

NET TRANSPORT = ?

Back 7

(Net Driving Force)/(Resistance)

Front 8

Cell Membrane

Back 8

membrane that encloses animal cell and forms outer boundary of the cell

Front 9

Cell Monolayer

Back 9

single layer of cells

Front 10

Example of Luminal to serosal transport

Back 10

digestion of glucose

Front 11

Diffusion

Back 11

the movement of molecules from one location to another as a result of random thermal motion

Front 12

Diffusional Equilibrium

Back 12

random thermal motion will redistribute the solute from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration until the solute reaches a uniform concentration throughout the solution

Front 13

Net Flux

Back 13

considers movement in both directions

Front 14

Example of Intrinsic

Back 14

beating heart

Front 15

Example of Extrinsic

Back 15

heart rate

Front 16

Variables in Fick's Law of Diffusion:
(Change in C), A, D, (Change in x)

Back 16

(Change in C): change in concentration
A: area
D: diffusion constant
(Change in x): membrane thickness

Front 17

Variables in Diffusion Constant:
kT, r, v

Back 17

kT: average kinetic energy
r: molecular radius
v: viscosity of the medium

Front 18

Viscosity

Back 18

internal friction in a moving fluid

Front 19

Brownian Movement

Back 19

random movement

Front 20

Einstein's Relation variables:
x, D, t

Back 20

x: average displacement
D: solute diffusion constant
t: time

Front 21

What is explained by Einstein's Relation?

Back 21

Einstein’s relation defines the amount of time required for a solute diffuse over a given distance

Front 22

Angiogenesis

Back 22

growth of new blood vessels from old ones

Front 23

McArdle Disease

Back 23

-Phosphorylase deficient
-Effects Muscle only- limited amout to perform strenuous exercise b/c of painful muscle cramps, otherwise pt normal
-moderately increased glycogen amt, normal structure

Front 24

Osmolarity

Back 24

total solute concentration of a solution

Front 25

Osmole

Back 25

equal to 1 mol of solute particles

Front 26

Osmotic Pressure

Back 26

predicts whether a solution will lose or gain water by osmosis; the greater the osmolarity, the greater the osmotic pressure; force that is required to balance

Front 27

Tonicity

Back 27

the effect of a solution on cell volume, which depends on differences in osmolarity, but also on the types of solutes and the permeability of the membrane to those solutes

Front 28

Hypertonic

Back 28

greater solute concentration

Front 29

Hypotonic

Back 29

lesser solute concentration

Front 30

Aquaporins

Back 30

proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water; discovered by Peter Agre

Front 31

Variables for Osmotic Pressure:
P, R, T

Back 31

P: water pressure
R: ideal gas constant
T: temperature (in Kelvin)

Front 32

Voltage is...

Back 32

potential difference across the membrane due to separation of charge

Front 33

At equilibrium, the equations that describe electrical and chemical work are _______ in magnitude, but ________ in direction.

Back 33

equal, opposite

Front 34

Equilibrium Potential

Back 34

voltage required across the membrane to prevent net movement of an ion down it's concentration gradient; electrical work = chemical work

Front 35

Electrical Work

Back 35

movement of charged produced in response to an electrical field

Front 36

Chemical Work

Back 36

movement of a chemical substance in response to a concentration gradient

Front 37

Nernst Equation

Back 37

describes a balance of forces where the electric potential difference across the membrane balances the diffusion of solute down its concentration gradient

Front 38

Steady State

Back 38

not at equilibrium, however there is constant net movement

Front 39

Current

Back 39

Net flow of charges

Front 40

Resistance

Back 40

the difficulty with which ions move across the membrane

Front 41

Conductance

Back 41

the ease with which ions move across the membrane

Front 42

DF = ?

Back 42

V-E

Front 43

Chord Conductance Equation

Back 43

used to calculate resting membrane potential

Front 44

Chemical Steady State

Back 44

condition where bulk ion concentrations within the cell remain constant over time

Front 45

Passive Diffusion

Back 45

no energy needed; pass through lipid bilayer without help from proteins

Front 46

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 46

protein required to move across lipid bilayer

Front 47

Primary Active Transport

Back 47

uses exergonic rxn

Front 48

Seconday Active Transport

Back 48

couples movement of one molecule to a second