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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is a problem faced by animals as they increase in size?
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Decreasing surface-to-volume ratio
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An increase in which of the following parameters is most important in the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces such as the linings of the lungs or intestines?
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Surface area
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Why must multicellular organisms keep their cells awash in an "internal pond"?
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Cells need an aqueous medium for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes.
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Which statement best links the group of tissues known as connective tissue? A connective tissue will have
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relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
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Which of the following tissues lines the kidney tubules?
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epithelial
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What is the functional unit of nervous tissue?
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neuron
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Which of the following traits is characteristic of all types of muscle tissue?
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cells that contain actin and myosin
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Which of the following layers of the stomach is best described as being composed primarily of epithelial tissue?
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mucosa
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Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)?
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SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature
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The least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate would be the amount of
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water it drinks
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Which example best describes a homeostatic control system
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the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
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Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because
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The ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm;
the ectotherm will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation |
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Which of the following is true about the activity levels of a snake?
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A snake is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction
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All of the following are mechanisms of thermoregulation in terrestrial mammals except
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changing the rate of heat exchange by conforming to environmental temperatures
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hibernation
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torpor
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estivation
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torpor
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absorption of heat from the surroundings
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ectothermy
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process that occurs in the brown fat of some mammals
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thermogenesis
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panting in dogs
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evaporation
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fur and feathers
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endothermy
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Which of the following terms could be applied to any oranism with a digestive system
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herbivore
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During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol. In addition, proteins are digested to yield amino acids. What do thee two processes have in common? Both
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involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds (hydrolysis)
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Which of the following digestive processes requires enzymes?
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hydrolysis
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To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of the food processing does this take place?
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absorption
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Increasing the surface area facilitates which of the following digestive processes?
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absorption and hydolysis
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Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity?
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specialized regions are possible
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Most enzymatic hydolysis of the macromolecules in food occurs in the
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small intestine
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Without functioning parietal cells, an individual would
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not be able to initiate protein digestion in the stomach
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Which of the following statements about pepsin is true? Pepsin
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begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach
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Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the
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small intestine
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Which of the following statements about bile salts is true? Bile salts
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emulsify fats in the duodenum
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Which of the following enzymes has the lowest pH optimum?
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pepsin
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Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?
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# 9, liver
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Where does the complete digestion of carbohydrates occur?
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4 only, small intestine
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Where does the digestion of fats occur
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4 only, small intestine
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Which structure is home to bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?
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# 5, large intestine
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Which one of the following statements about digestion is false?
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During digestion the essential macromolecules are directly absorbed.
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How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates?
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Most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood
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All of the following are adaptations to an herbivorous diet except
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bile salts
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In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum?
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herbivores
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Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?
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They have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs (rumens)
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Which is a correct statement concerning the insect circulatory system?
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The circulating fluid bathes tissues directly.
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Organisms in which a circulating body fluid is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have
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a closed circulatory system
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Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
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fishes
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Through how many capillary beds must a human red blood cell travel if it takes the shortest possible route from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
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two
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Chambers or vessels that carry oxygenated blood include which of the following?
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Vessels / Chambers 3, 5, 6
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Blood is carried directly to the lungs from which of the following?
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Vessel 4
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What is the correct sequence of blood flow, beginning at the pulmonary artery?
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4, 5, 6, 3 systemic circulation, 2, 1
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A patient has a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/min, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 beaths/min. This person's cardiac output per minute would be
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2,800 mL
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If the atrioventricular node cold be surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, what would be the effect?
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Atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time
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What is the reason that fluid is forced out of the systemic capillaries at the arteriole end?
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The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood
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What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?
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Fluid would accumulate in the interstitial areas
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Arteries always
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Carry blood away from the heart
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The purpose of having valves in the cardiovascular system is to
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ensure that blood flows in one direction.
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Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart.
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Sinoatrial nodes (5)
Internodal pathway (2) atrioventricular node (4) bundle of His (1) left & right bundle branches (6) Purkinje fibers (3) |
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Which of the following features do all gas exchange systems have in common?
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the exchange surfaces are moist
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Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs?
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Water is denser than air
Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume |
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Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange?
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the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills
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Where do air breathing insects carry out gas exchange?
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across the membranes of cells
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Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in which organism?
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insect
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All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the
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tracheae of insects
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If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except
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pulmonary vein
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Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because
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the rib muscles and diaphragn contract, increasing the lung volume
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Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs?
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The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
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Air flows in only one direction through the lungs of which animals?
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birds
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Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human repiratory system?
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The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air
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The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate?
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carbon dioxide
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Which one of these statements about lungs is false?
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The concentration of CO2 is higher in the air than in the alveolar capillaries
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How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans?
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bicarbonate ions in the plasma
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Hydrogen ions produced in human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering pH by combining with
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hemoglobin
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Cyanide acts as a mitochondrial poison by blocking the final step in the elctron transport chain. What will happen to human red blood cells if they are placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide?
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The cells will probably be unaffected
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Which action below is affected by an antihistamine?
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blood vessel dilation
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What are antigens
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foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
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Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?
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memory cells
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Which of the following is true of both T cells and B cells?
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They produce effector cells against bacterial pathogens; they are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow
A and B are true |
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A patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but he does not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells of the immune system?
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T cells
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Which statement about antibodies is false?
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Antibodies bind with foreign cells and lyse them
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These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and destroy virally infected cells
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cytotoxic T cells
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These cells have a function that is similar to the function of dendritic cells
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macrophages
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These cells are involved in innate immunity, and a person lacking these cells may have a higher than normal chance of developing malignant tumors.
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natural killer cells
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The following events occur when a mammalian immume system first encounters a pathogen. Place them in correct sequence and then choose the answer that indicates that sequence.
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D) III, IV, II, I, V, III, II, I, V, IV
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Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways?
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helper T cells
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Which of the following types of cells is not involved in both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
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plasma cells
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A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in which of the following?
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the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells
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In which of the cases could the mother exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus?
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Case I only (Mother Rh- and Fetus Rh+)
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In which of the cases would the mother not exhibit an anti-Rh-factor reaction to the developing fetus?
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cases 2 and 3 only
(Rh- Mom and Rh- Baby or Rh+ Mom and Rh- baby) |
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Which choice could be used an an analogy to describe how HIV affects the body?
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snipping the wires coming from a car battery so that no electricity flows to the car components
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Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are
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isoosmotic
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Which feature of osmoregulation is found in both marine and freshwater bony fish?
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gain of water through food
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In addition to their role in gas exchange, fish gills are also directly involved in
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osmoregulation
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The digestion and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the kidneys?
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protein
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Which of the following is true of urea? it is
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the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans
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Which of the following is true of ammonia?
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It is soluble in water
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Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
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excretion of urea
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What is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds?
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uric acid
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Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste that requires hardly any water for its excretion?
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uric acid
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What is the process called by which materials are returned to the blood from the nephron fluid?
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selective reabsorption
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Which of the following mechanisms for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is incorrectly paired with its corresponding animal?
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flame bulb-snake
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Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?
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kidneys of vertebrates
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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nephron
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The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
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is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid
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Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries?
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glomerulus
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In which region of the renal tubule would filtration occur
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Region 1 (a)
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In which region would urine become more concentrated
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Region VII (e)
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In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood?
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Region II (b)
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Which one of the following is extremely important for water conservation in mammals?
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juxtamedullary nephrons
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Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is
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hypoosmotic to body fluids
isoosmotic to body fluids hyperosmotic to body fluids A, B & C |
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What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?
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decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Which statement is true about marine fishes?
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The kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine
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Why is it that some body cells respond differently to the same peptide hormones?
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a target cell's response is determined by the product of a signal transduction pathway
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Which of the following statements about hormones is correct:
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Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell
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The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship?
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a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of
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releasing hormones
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Oxytocin and ADHY are produced by the _______ and stored in the ________
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hypothalamus
neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) |
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Iodine is added to commercially prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland requires iodine to Function properly?
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thyroid
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Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?
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thyroxine
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Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?
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the parathyroids regulate metabolic rate
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Which hormone exerts antagonistic action to PTH (parrathyroid hormone)?
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calcitonin
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Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?
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pancreas
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All of the following are steriod hormones except
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insulin
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Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting for 24 hours would have which of the following?
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high levels of glucagon
low levels of insulin B & C |
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If the adrenal cortex were removed, which group of hormones would be most affected?
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steriod
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Which of the following statements about the adrenal gland is correct?
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during stress, ACTH stimulated the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla
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Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and promote the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates?
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glucocorticords
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Which combination of gland and hormone would be linked to winter hibernation and spring reproduction in bears?
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pineal gland, melatonin
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Which of the following is associated with the evolution of a central nervous system?
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bilateral symmetry
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An organism that lacks integration centers
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will not be able to interpret stimuli
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What do muscles, nerves, and glands have in common?
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They synapse with neurons
They are referred to as post-synaptic cells They are target cells |
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Integration of simple responses to certin stimuli, such as the patellar reflex, is accomplished by which of the following?
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spinal cord
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Which of the following statements if false?
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The outside of a cell is negative with respect to the inside of a cell
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If the concentration of potassium in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell with a resting membrane potential of -70mV were elevated above normal, the new resting potential would be
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-69 mV or higher
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If an otherwise normal nerve cell were made permeable to large negative ions, what would happen?
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the membrane potential would not form
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The sodium-potassium pump or neurons pumps
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Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell
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After an action potential, the resting potential is restored by
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the opening of voltage sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates
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Repolarization of the membrane of a neuron after an action potential is a consequence of which of the following?
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Na+ channels inactivating
K+ channels opening II and III only |
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In the sequence of permeability changes that depolarizes and then repolarizes the membrane of a neuron during an action potential, which of the following changes occurs first?
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sodium gates open
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Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses
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along myelinated nerve fibers
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The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic actions, or opposing actions are
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Which part of the vertebrate nervous system is most involved in preparation for the fight-or-flight response?
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sympathetic
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Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
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rest and digestion
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The establishment and expression of emotions involves the
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frontal lobes and limbic system
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What do Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect?
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Speech
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The primary motor cortex is part of which part of the central nervous system?
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cerebrum
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What is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic system?
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norepinephrine
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Which of the following is a good example of sensory adaptation?
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olfactory receptors ceasing to reduce receptor potentials when triggered by the smell of a second batch of cookies you are baking
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What impact would a non-functioning statocyst have on an earthworm? The earthworm would not be able to
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orient with respect to gravity
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Which of the following would be affected by damage to the ciliary muscles?
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accommodation
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Which of the following is a correct statement about the cells of the human retina?
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cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot
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Which of the following would be affected by damage to the ciliary muscles?
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accommodation
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Which of the following is a correct statement about the cells of the human retina?
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cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot
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Which of the following statements about vision is incorrect?
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The conjunctiva covers the cornea and keeps it moist.
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If a baseball player is hit in the back of the head, which part of his brain would be the most likely injured?
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the primary visual cortezx
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The structure pictured in Figure 49.3 can be found in which types of muscles?
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skeletal and cardiac
A & B only |
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Which section consists only of myosin filaments?
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D
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Which section consists of both actin and myosin filaments?
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B
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When an organism dies, its muscles remain in a contracted state termed "rigor mortis" for a brief period of time. Which of the following most directly contributes to this phenomenon?
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ATP to break bonds between the thick and thin filaments
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Which of the following does not form part of the thin filaments of a muscle cell?
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myosin
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What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?
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bind to the troponin complex, which leads to the exposure of the myosin-binding sites
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Produces hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
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Coordinates muscle actions
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cerebellum
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regulates body temperature
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hypothalamus
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Contains regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems
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medulla oblongata
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Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap?
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neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap
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Which statement could be applied to both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
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They both use chemical signaling; the final response depends on the receptor mode of action
Only A and B are correct |
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What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood?
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body cells take up more glucose
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The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the
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maintenance of the uterus
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Which of the following hormone sequences is correct?
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GnRH-->FSH-->ovaries
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Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect?
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They are used to communicate between different organisms
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Hormones from the hypothalamus affect the release of all of the following except
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oxytocin
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What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?
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decreased amount of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
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Which of the following is a good example of sensory adaptation?
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olfactory receptors ceasing to produce receptor potentials when triggered by the smell of the second batch of cookies you are baking
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Which of the following statements about either hearing or balance is incorrect?
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The volume of sound is a function of the strength of the action potential that reaches the brain
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Which function associated with muscle would be most directly affected by low levels of calcium?
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muscle contraction
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Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminal of
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motor neuron axons
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Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell?
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5, 3, 2, 1, 5
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Which of the following are shared by skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
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thick and thin filaments
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produces hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland
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D, hypothalamus
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coordinates muscle actions
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B, cerebellum
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contains regions that help regulate hunger and thirst
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D, hypothalamus
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