Bio 201 Bone Tissue

Front 1

Bone or osseous tissue is a ____ tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals.

Back 1

Connective

Front 2

Individual bones are made up of what four main components?

Back 2

Bone tissue, Bone marrow, cartilage and periosteum

Front 3

Support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral resevoir, pH balance and detoxification are all functions of what?

Back 3

The skeletal system

Front 4

The skeletal system buffers the blood by absorbing or releasing ____ salts.

Back 4

Alkaline

Front 5

What are the four bone shapes?

Back 5

Long, short, flat and irregular

Front 6

The external and internal surfaces of flat bone are composed of ____ ____. The middle layer is composed of ____ ____.

Back 6

Compact bone; Spongy bone

Front 7

Another name for spongy bone is what?

Back 7

Diploe

Front 8

Most cranial bones, the ribs, sternum, scapula and os coxae are all what kind of bones?

Back 8

Flat bones

Front 9

A layer of fibrous connective tissue covering a long bone is called the what?

Back 9

Periosteum

Front 10

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones is called what?

Back 10

Articular cartilage

Front 11

The lining of the internal surface of a long bone is called what?

Back 11

Endosteum

Front 12

The diaphysis refers to what in a bone?

Back 12

The shaft

Front 13

The epiphysis refers to what in a bone?

Back 13

The head

Front 14

The humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals and phalanges are all what kind of bones?

Back 14

Long Bones

Front 15

The carpals and tarsals are all what kind of bones?

Back 15

Short

Front 16

The sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and vertebral bones are all what kind of bones?

Back 16

Irregular Bones

Front 17

The diaphysis of a bone contains a ____ cavity.

Back 17

Marrow/Medullary

Front 18

____ contains cells providing bone resorption and deposition.

Back 18

Endosteum

Front 19

This section of a bone contains spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone. It is enlarged to strengthen joint and provide for attachment of tendons and ligaments.

Back 19

Epiphyses

Front 20

Periosteum is continuous with what outer fibrous layer?

Back 20

Tendons

Front 21

____ cells reside in endosteum or periosteum. They multiply continuously and differentiate into osteoblasts.

Back 21

Osteogenic cells

Front 22

____ form organic matter of matrix and help to mineralize it in response to stress or fractures.

Back 22

Osteoblasts

Front 23

____ are osteoblasts that have become trapped. The reside in lacunae and are connected to each other via canaliculi. They signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts about mechanical stresses.

Back 23

Osteocytes

Front 24

____ are bone-dissolving cells. They develop in bone marrow by the fusion of the same stem cells that give rise to monocytes of the blood. They reside in pits called resorption bays that they have eaten into the surface of the bone.

Back 24

Osteoclasts.

Front 25

The dry weight of osseous tissue is ____ organic and ____ inorganic matter.

Back 25

1/3; 2/3

Front 26

Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins all compose what part of osseous tissue?

Back 26

Organic matter

Front 27

Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and other minerals make up what component of osseous tissue?

Back 27

Inorganic matter

Front 28

Inorganic matter is ___ percent hydroxyapatite and ___ percent calcium carbonate.

Back 28

85; 10

Front 29

The lack of collagen in bones is referred to as what?

Back 29

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Front 30

Defective mineralization of bones can result in what?

Back 30

Rickets

Front 31

Insufficient sunlight or vitamin D, dietary deficiency in calcium or phosphate, liver or kidney disease can all cause what disease?

Back 31

Rickets

Front 32

Rickets in adults is called what?

Back 32

Osteomalacia

Front 33

Cylinders of tissue formed from layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a blood vessel are called what?

Back 33

Osteons or Haversian systems

Front 34

____ are the individual layers of osteons.

Back 34

Lamellae

Front 35

____ ____ holds the blood vessels in osteons.

Back 35

Haversian Canals

Front 36

Branches from nutrient arteries that run perpendicular to the haversian canals are called what?

Back 36

Perforating canals

Front 37

The spongelike appearance of spongy bone is formed by rods and plates of bone called ____.

Back 37

Trabeculae

Front 38

The spaces of spongy bone are filled with what?

Back 38

Red bone marrow

Front 39

____ have few osteons or haversian canals. The result is that no osteocyte is far from blood of bone marrow.

Back 39

Trabeculae

Front 40

____ develop along bone's lines of stress.

Back 40

Trabeculae

Front 41

Soft tissue that occupies the medullary cavity of a long bone or the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone is what?

Back 41

Bone marrow

Front 42

____ ____ looks like thick blood. It is a mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells. It is found in the axial skeleton and girdles in adults.

Back 42

Red marrow

Front 43

What does hemopoietic mean?

Back 43

Produces blood cells

Front 44

Fatty marrow of long bones in adults is what?

Back 44

Yellow marrow

Front 45

Yellow marrow that is replaced with reddish jelly is what?

Back 45

Gelatinous marrow

Front 46

This process produces the flat bones of the skull and clavicle.

Back 46

Intramembranous ossification

Front 47

During intramembranous ossification, ____ condenses into a sheet of soft tissue that transforms into a network of soft trabeculae.

Back 47

Mesenchyme

Front 48

During intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts gather on the trabeculae to form ____ tissue (uncalcified bone - soft collagenous material).

Back 48

Osteoid

Front 49

During intramembranous ossification, ____ remodel the center to contain marrow spaces and ____ remodel the surface to form compact bone.

Back 49

Osteoclast; osteoblast

Front 50

____ at the surface in intramembranous ossification gives rise to periosteum.

Back 50

Mesenchyme

Front 51

In endochondral ossification, mesenchyme differentiates into what?

Back 51

Hyaline cartilage

Front 52

In endochondral ossification, cartilage is broken down, reorganized and ____.

Back 52

Calcified

Front 53

In endochondral ossification, ____ near the center swell to form primary ossification center.

Back 53

Chondrocytes

Front 54

In endochondral ossification, primary marrow space is formed by what?

Back 54

Periosteal bud

Front 55

The ____ ____ ____ begins to form in the epiphyses near the time of birth.

Back 55

Secondary ossification center

Front 56

_____ is cartilagenous material that remains as growth plate between medullary cavity and secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses.

Back 56

Metaphysis or Epiphyseal plate

Front 57

Bone density depends on what? This is why athletes have greater density and mass of bone.

Back 57

Applied stress

Front 58

Cartilage grows in what two ways?

Back 58

Interstitial and appositional growth

Front 59

____ growth involves bones increasing in length at the epiphyseal plate.

Back 59

Interstitial growth

Front 60

____ growth involves bones increasing in width and only occurs in mature bone.

Back 60

Appositional growth

Front 61

In _____ growth, osteoblasts lay down matrix in layers parallel to the outer surface and osteoclasts dissolve bone on the inner surface.

Back 61

Appositional growth

Front 62

If either interstitial growth or appositional growth outpaces the other, bone deformities occur. This condition is called what?

Back 62

Osteitis deformans

Front 63

This condition is characterized by short stature but normal sized head and trunk. The long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood but other bones are unaffected. It is a result of spontaneous mutation when DNA is replicated.

Back 63

Achondroplasia

Front 64

____ dwarfs have a lack of growth hormone.

Back 64

Pituitary

Front 65

The crystallization of ions from blood is referred to as what?

Back 65

Deposition

Front 66

Levels of calcium and phosphate in tissues must reach a point called the what before crystallization can occur?

Back 66

Solubility product

Front 67

____ ____ is abnormal calcification.

Back 67

Ectopic ossification.

Front 68

Ectopic ossification in the arteries is referred to as what?

Back 68

Arteriosclerosis

Front 69

The process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood is known as what?

Back 69

Mineral resorption

Front 70

____ acid with a pH of 4 dissolves bone minerals

Back 70

HCl

Front 71

This enzyme is released by osteoclasts in order to digest collagen.

Back 71

Acid phosphatase

Front 72

During mineral resorption, hydrogen pumps in the cell membrane secrete hydrogen ions into the space between the osteclast and the bone. As a result, ____ ions follow by electrical attraction.

Back 72

Chloride

Front 73

Braces on the teeth reposition the teeth by creating greater pressure of tooth on the bone. This stimulates what activity to remodel the jaw?

Back 73

Osteoclast and osteoblast activity

Front 74

____ is needed for communication between neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis.

Back 74

Calcium

Front 75

____ is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids and acid-base buffers

Back 75

Phosphate

Front 76

____ percent of the body's calcium is in the bones.

Back 76

99%

Front 77

____ percent of the body's phosphorous is in bones.

Back 77

85-90%

Front 78

Adult skeleton exchanges about ____ percent of calcium with the blood each year.

Back 78

18

Front 79

Do changes in phosphate concentrations have any effect on the body?

Back 79

NO!

Front 80

This condition is a deficiency of blood calcium. It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system leading to muscle spasms, tremors and tetanus. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, lactation, underaction/removal of parathydroid glands.

Back 80

Hypocalcemia

Front 81

This condition is described by excessive blood calcium. It depresses the nervous system causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and cardiac arrest.

Back 81

Hypercalcemia

Front 82

Activated vitamin D is called what?

Back 82

Calcitriol

Front 83

This hormone stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate. It reduces the urinary secretion of calcium and phosphate and promotes osteoclast activity.

Back 83

Calcitriol

Front 84

Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands on the ____ surface of the thyroid gland.

Back 84

Posterior

Front 85

When is PTH released?

Back 85

When calcium blood levels are low

Front 86

This hormone inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity. It reduces calcium secretion and increases phosphate secretion in the urine. It also stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitriol synthesis.

Back 86

PTH

Front 87

This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises and promotes the bone deposition of calcium. It reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 minutes and increase the number and activity of osteoblasts.

Back 87

Calcitonin

Front 88

Who does calcitonin play an important role for?

Back 88

Children

Front 89

Bone growth is especially rapid when?

Back 89

Puberty

Front 90

Adolescent girls grow faster than boys and reach their full height earlier due to ____.

Back 90

Estrogen

Front 91

Growth ceases when what closes?

Back 91

Epiphyseal plate

Front 92

____ ____ may cause premature closure of growth plate producing short adult stature.

Back 92

Anabolic steroids

Front 93

____ fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone.

Back 93

Stress

Front 94

____ fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease.

Back 94

Pathological fracture

Front 95

____ fracture does not have broken skin.

Back 95

Closed or simple or nondisplaced

Front 96

____ fractures have bone that protrudes from the skin.

Back 96

Open or compound or displaced

Front 97

A ____ fracture has a bone that is broken in two or more places.

Back 97

Complete

Front 98

An ____ fracture extends only partway and the pieces remain joined.

Back 98

Incomplete

Front 99

In a ____ fracture, one side is bent and there is an incomplete fracture on the other side.

Back 99

Greenstick

Front 100

A ____ fracture contains a fine crack

Back 100

Hairline

Front 101

A ____ fracture is broken in three or more places.

Back 101

Comminuted

Front 102

A ____ fracture is parallel along the long axis of the bone.

Back 102

Linear

Front 103

A ____ fracture is perpendicular to long axis of the bone.

Back 103

Transverse

Front 104

A ____ fracture is diagonal (between linear and transverse).

Back 104

Oblique

Front 105

A ____ fracture results from a twisting stress.

Back 105

Spiral

Front 106

The normal healing of a fracture is ____ weeks

Back 106

8-12 weeks

Front 107

This is the first stage of fracture healing. Broken vessels form a blood clot.

Back 107

Fracture hematoma

Front 108

This is the second stage of fracture healing. Fibrous tissue formed by fibroblasts and infiltrated by capillaries.

Back 108

Granulation tissue

Front 109

This is the third step of fracture healing. A soft callus of fibrocartilage is replaced by hard callus of bone in 6 weeks.

Back 109

Callus formation

Front 110

This is the fourth stage of fracture healing. It occurs over the next six months as spongy bone is replaced with compact bone.

Back 110

Remodeling

Front 111

In this treatment of fractures, fragments are aligned with manipulation and casted.

Back 111

Closed reduction

Front 112

In this treatment of fractures, surgical exposure and repair with plates and screws occurs.

Back 112

Open reduction

Front 113

____ is not used to treat fractures in the elderly due to risks of long-term confinement to a bed.

Back 113

Traction

Front 114

____ ____ is used on fractures that take longer than two months to heal.

Back 114

Electrical stimulation

Front 115

_____ is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles.

Back 115

Orthopedics

Front 116

What is the most common bone disease?

Back 116

Osteoporosis

Front 117

Who is at greatest risk of osteoporosis?

Back 117

Postmenopausal white women

Front 118

What is the best treatment for osteoporosis?

Back 118

Prevention through calcium intake and exercise between ages 25 and 40

Front 119

This bone disease is a bacterial infection. It causes inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow. It was fatal before the widespread use of antibiotics.

Back 119

Osteomyelitis

Front 120

This bone disease is a benign bone tumor.

Back 120

Osteoma

Front 121

This is a benign tumor of the bone and cartilage.

Back 121

Osteochondroma

Front 122

This bone disease is found most often in males 10-25 years old. Death can result in one year if left untreated.

Back 122

Osteosarcoma

Front 123

This disease is a slow-growing cancer of hyaline cartilage.

Back 123

Chondrosarcoma