Bio 182 - Exam 2

Front 1

What kind of structure do Bacteria and Archaea have?

Back 1

Prokaryotic

Front 2

Why does cyanobacteria differ from other prokaryotes?

Back 2

They carry out photosynthesis and generate oxygen

Front 3

What is one characteristic shared by Bacteria and Eukarya?

Back 3

Presence of ester bonds in their membrane lipids

Front 4

Extremophiles

Back 4

Organisms that occur mostly in extreme habitats

Front 5

hyperthermophiles or methanopyrus

Back 5

organisms that cannot grow when the temperature is below 84 degrees celsius

Front 6

Phlya Cyanobacteria

Back 6

Oxygen-producing photosynthetic bacteria
Blue-green pigmentation (caused by chlorophyll a and phycobillins)
Have branched and unbranched filaments

Front 7

Phyla Proteobacteria

Back 7

Large group of gram-negative bacteria
High metabolic diversity
Includes many species that are important to medicine, agriculture, and industry

Front 8

Horizontal gene transfer

Back 8

A process where an organism receives genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Front 9

Cocci shape

Back 9

circular

Front 10

Bacilli shape

Back 10

elongated rods

Front 11

Vibrios shape

Back 11

comma-shaped cells

Front 12

spirochaetes/spirilli shapes

Back 12

spiral-shaped either flexible or not

Front 13

biofilms are

Back 13

aggregations of microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage, thereby gluing themselves to surfaces

Front 14

What does quorum sensing do?

Back 14

aids biofilm formation

Front 15

The polymer peptidoglycan

Back 15

Common in archaea
Important component in cell walls
Composed of carbohydrates

Front 16

Gram-positive cell wall

Back 16

Acidic polusaccharides on surface
Purple stain
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Sensitive to penicillin

Front 17

Gram-negative cell wall

Back 17

Outer lipopolysaccharide layer
Pink or red stain
Thin peptidoglycan layer
resists penicillin

Front 18

Pili

Back 18

thread like structures that allow some prokaryotic species to glide or twitch along surfaces

Front 19

Binary fission

Back 19

when prokaryotic cells divide in two

Front 20

What are akinetes and what are their functions

Back 20

They are large food filled cells, and allow aquatic organisms to survive during winter months.

Front 21

Autotrophs

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organisms with the ability to produce their all or most of their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds

Front 22

Photoautotrophs

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use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic compounds from co2 or h2o

Front 23

Chemoautotrophs

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use chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds

Front 24

Heterotrophs

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require at least one or more organic compounds from their environment

Front 25

photoheterotrophs vs. chemoheterotrophs

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photoheterotrophs use light to generate atp and must use organic compounds for both energy and a carbon source, while chemoheterotrophs obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source

Front 26

Obligate aerobes

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they require O2 to survive

Front 27

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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do not use O2 but aren't posioned by it either

Front 28

facultative anaerobes

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can use o2, obtain energy, or use inorganic chemical reactions to obtain energy

Front 29

Nitrogen fixation is

Back 29

the removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase performed by nitrogen fixators

Front 30

Specialized cells generated for low oxygen conditions are known as

Back 30

heterocytes

Front 31

Symbiosis

Back 31

long-term relationship between species

Front 32

Pathogens

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Microorganisms that cause disease in one or more types of host organisms

Front 33

Bioremediation is the process of

Back 33

reducing levels of harmful materials in the environment

Front 34

Protists that are generally photoautotrophic

Back 34

algae

Front 35

What is the term protozoa used for? How do they feed?

Back 35

to describe diverse heterotrophic protists
they feed on small organic molecules or by ingesting prey

Front 36

Photosynthetic plankton are called

Back 36

phytoplankton

Front 37

Periphyton

Back 37

communities of microorganisms attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces i.e. rocks, sand, or plants

Front 38

What is the name for photosynthetic protists large enough to see with the unaided eye

Back 38

Macroalgae i.e. seaweed

Front 39

Flagellates vs. ciliates

Back 39

Flagellates: move by flagella (few small cells)
Ciliates: move by cilia (shorter and more abundant on cells)

Front 40

Amoebae moves by

Back 40

pseudopodia

Front 41

What happens in endosymbiosis

Back 41

heterotrophic host cells capture cyanobacterial cells via phagocytosis but doesn't digest them which provides host cells with photosynthetic capability and other useful biochemical pathways which evolves the cell into a primary plastid

Front 42

What happens in secondary endosymbiosis

Back 42

a eurkaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryotic cell that already has one or more primary plastids.

Front 43

What happens in tertiary endosymbiosis

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the acquisitions by hosts of plastids from cells that possessed secondary plastids, which were received by horizontal gene transfer.

Front 44

Phagotrophs

Back 44

feed by ingesting particles

Front 45

Osmotrophs

Back 45

rely on the uptake of small organic molecules across the cell membrane followed by their digestion

Front 46

Streptophyte algae shares

Back 46

many features in common with land plants

Front 47

Hepatophyta is known as

Back 47

liverworts

Front 48

Bryophyta is known as

Back 48

mosses

Front 49

Anthocerophyta is known as

Back 49

hornworts

Front 50

Lycopodiophyta is known as

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lycophytes

Front 51

Pteridophyta is known as

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pteridophytes

Front 52

Cycadophyta is known as

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cycads

Front 53

Ginkgophyta is known as

Back 53

ginkos

Front 54

Coniferophyta is known as

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conifers

Front 55

Anthophyta is known as

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angiosperms, or flowering plants

Front 56

In the alternation of generations, what body is haploid and what is diploid

Back 56

Haploid is gametophyte
Diploid is sporophyte

Front 57

Archegonia and antheridia

Back 57

Plant organs that produce gametophytes, archegonia encloses a single egg while antheridia produce sperm

Front 58

Matrotrophy provides

Back 58

food for zygotes as they grow into embryos

Front 59

Sporangia (spore containers) provide

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tough cell walls to protect developing spores from harmful UV radiation and microbial attack

Front 60

Sporopollenin helps

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prevent cellular damage during transport in air

Front 61

Vascular tissues provide

Back 61

structural support and serve in conduction of water and nutrients

**bryophytes are nonvascular**

Front 62

What are tracheids and where are they found?

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Tracheids are a type of specialized vascular cell that conducts water and minerals and provdies structural support, mainly found in stems roots and leaves.

Front 63

Lignin is

Back 63

a compression and decay-resistant waterproofing material found in cell walls of tracheids

Front 64

A waxy cuticle provides

Back 64

a polyester polymer known as cutin which helps to prevent attack from pathogens and wax which helps prevent the plant from drying out

Front 65

What does a stomata do?

Back 65

they are pores that allow plants to conserve water while taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen

Front 66

What is the K/T event and what period did it end?

Back 66

The K/T event was when at least one large meteorite crashed into the Earth, and ended the Cretaceous period

Front 67

What are the names of the leaves and their differences in lycophytes and ferns/seed plants?

Back 67

In lycophytes the leaves are called lycophylls which are tiny leaves
in ferns/seed plants the leaves are called euphylls which are leaves with branched leaves

Front 68

Heterospory means

Back 68

different spores

Front 69

microspores give rise to male gametophytes which develop into

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pollen grains

Front 70

megaspores give rise to female gametophytes which develop and produce

Back 70

eggs while enclosed by protective megaspore walls

Front 71

Function of pit and torus

Back 71

pits move water laterally and vertically from on tracheid to another while the torus functions as a valve

Front 72

What is autopolyploidy?

Back 72

It is when a homologous chromosome pairs do not separate during meiosis, producing diploid spores, gametes, and gametophytes

Front 73

Function of gas vesicles

Back 73

this allows aquatic photosynthetic to access the maximum amount of light near the waters surface

Front 74

Archaea and bacteria characteristics

Back 74

Archaea: extreme environments, related to eukarya, ether-linked cell membranes, and histones in DNA

Bacteria: form symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes, some are photosynthetic, ester-linked cell membranes, and no histones in DNA

Front 75

Palisade parenchyma

Back 75

consists of closely packed, elongated cells of the inner leaf that are adapted to absorb sunlight efficiently

Front 76

Spongy parenchyma

Back 76

located closer to the lower leaf surface, contains rounder cells cells separated by abundant air spaces

Front 77

taproot system

Back 77

one main root with many branch roots

Front 78

fibrous root system

Back 78

multiple roots from one stem base

Front 79

adventitious roots

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structures produced on the surfaces of stems

Front 80

Whats my cats name

Back 80

Richard Parker