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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is energy? |
the capacity to perform work. |
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what is a measure of disorder? |
Enthropy |
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what compound directly provides energy for cellular work? |
ATP. |
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Diffusion is and example of |
Passive transport |
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Osmosis can be defined as |
The diffusion of water |
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Photosynthetic organisms are |
Producers |
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Facilitated diffusion is? |
Diffusion through a cell membrane with little help from the membranes embedded proteins. |
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The formations of ATP from a single phosphate ion and an ADP molecule is known as? |
Phosphorylation |
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The lipid bilayer of cell membranes are made up of what? |
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. |
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Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a |
Phosphate group |
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Enzymes are |
Protiens |
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Active transport can... |
move solutes against their concentration gradient |
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In which organelle does photosynthesis take place? |
Chloroplast |
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What is the function of the stoma? |
to let CO2 into the plant and to allow Oxygen out |
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What are grana? |
Stacks of membranous sacs. |
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What is the name given to membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? |
Thylakoids. |
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The calvin cycle requires ____ and _____ from the light-dependent reactions in order to operate. |
ATP...NADPH |
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The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ___ |
ATP and NADPH |
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What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? |
Carotenoids |
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The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ___ |
Greater the energy |
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Where are photosystems located ? |
Thylakoid membrane |
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What is the source of the oxgen gas released by a photosystem? |
H2O |
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What is found in both cellular respiration and an the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
Electron transport chain. |
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Phloem tissues are responsible form moving |
Food (sugar) downward |
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Cellular respiration... |
Produces ATP |
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Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? |
Along the outside of the outer mitochondrial membrane. |
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sequence of stages in cellular respiration |
Glycolysis, Transition, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), electron transport chain |
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A product of glycolysis is ___ |
Pyruvic acid |
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What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? |
Acetyl CoA |
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Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? |
Krebs cylce ( citric acid cycle) |
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Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ___ ATP from one glucose. |
36 net |
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In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ____ |
The electron transport chain. |
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What metabolic pathway is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells as they catabolize glucose? |
Glycolysis |
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More glucose can be processed in cell respiration if the mitochondria have more |
Matrix. |
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when chromosomes are thin and drawn out they are called ___ |
Chromatin |
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DNA is found in structures called ____ |
Chromosomes. |
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A duplicated chromosome consists of two ____ |
Sister chromatids |
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Chromatin consists of |
DNA and protiens. |
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If you unwound a chromosome, you would find spherical structure and long thin strand around the spheres. The spheres are ___ and the thin strand is ___. |
proteins known as histones ... DNA |
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Sister chromatids are joined at the ___ |
Centromere. |
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What of the following occurs during interphase? |
Chromosome duplication. |
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Sequences of mitosis |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
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During metaphase I |
Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
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One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ___ |
mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not |
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DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ___ monomers. |
nucleotides. |
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The backbone of DNA consists of ____ |
A repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern. |
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in adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? |
30% |
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What type of chemical bonds join the bases of complementary DNA strands? |
Hydrogen. |
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During replication ___ are the enzymes responsible for joining and breaking the nucleotides of a DNA strand. |
DNA polymerases |
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What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? |
Phenotype. |
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How many amino acids are common to all types of living systems? |
20 |
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How many nucleotides make up a codon? |
3 |
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What is transcription? |
Manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA. |
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Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? |
RNA polymerase. |
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Translation converts the information stored in ___ to ___. |
RNA ... a polypeptide. |
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Where is translation accomplished |
Ribosomes. |
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Peptide bonds form between ___. |
Amino acids. |
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one gene-one___ |
Polypeptide |
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The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ____ RNA |
Messenger |
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Homozygotes |
carry two copies of the same allele. |
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What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? |
locus |
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Homozygotes |
contain two different alleles. |
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Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called___. |
Autosomes |
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What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? |
Organelles. |
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An organisms ability to monitor, adapt and change within limits to it's surrounding is known as: |
Homeostasis. |
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An atom with a positive charge has |
More protons than electrons |
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Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ___ |
electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule |
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Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ___, the water is the ___, and the sweetened water is the ___. |
Solute,... solvent,... solution. |
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The hydrogen and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ___ bonds |
Hydrogen |
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An atom's nuetrons and protons are found |
in its nucleus |
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An atom with an electrical charge is an |
Ion |
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Covalent bonds are... |
Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons |
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Ionic bonds are... |
Bonds between oppositely charged ions |
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The lower the pH of a solution, the___ |
more acidic the solution. |
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The subatomic particle that is negatively charged, weighs almost nothing, and can be found circling around the orbitals of an atom is known as an... |
Electron. |
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Where within the chemistry of atoms and molecules, is the majority of energy used for cell activity found? |
Bonds that hold molecules together. |
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Carbohydrates typically include ___ |
C,H, and O |
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What are the 4 types of molecules basic for life? |
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. |
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Enzymes are ___ |
Proteins. |
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Proteins are polymers constructed from ___ monomers |
amino acids. |
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Cells that have both a nucleus and a cell wall are |
plant cells |
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where does protein synthesis take place? |
on ribosomes. |
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
Protein modification. |
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What is the shipping center of a cell? |
The golgi apparatus |
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Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include... |
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification. |
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Lysosomes are responsible for ___. |
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell. |
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Ribosomes do what? |
Store information necessary to produce proteins. |
