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44 Cards in this Set

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Define autotroph.

An organism that produces organic molecules by acquiring carbon from inorganic sources


1. A primary producer

define heterotroph.

An organism that obtains carbon and energy by eating other organisms


1. Consumer

what is cellular respiration?

1. cells convert the energy in chemical bonds of nutrient (glucose) to ATP


2. 2 types

What is the two types of cellular respiration?

1. Aerobic respiration


2. Anaerobic (fermentation) respiration

What is aerobic respiration?

A cell uses oxygen gas in glucose to generate ATP


1. Used by plants animals in most microbes

What is anaerobic respiration?

Generate ATP from glucose without using oxygen gas

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

An aerobic respiration uses oxygen gas. While anaerobic does not require oxygen gas

What are redox reactions?

Also called oxidation reduction reactions


1. Transfer is energized electrons from 1 molecule to another


2. Each redox reaction links and exergonic process was an endergonic process.

Define oxidation.

Loss of electrons from a substance.


1. When a molecule loses one or more electrons

Define reduction.

Gain of electrons from a substance


2. When a molecule gains one or more electrons

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

The substrate involved added on to ADP to make ATP

Why do we call the last stage of aerobic respiration oxidative phosphorylation?

Highly energized phosphate group redox reaction +ADP = ATP

What is the one stage of aerobic respiration every organism utilizes?

Glycolosis

What are the hydrogen except the molecules in cellular respiration?

1. Coenzymes important for redox reactions


hi 2. Hydrogen acceptor molecules


3. Temporarily stored energy


4. NAD+


5. FAD

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis


2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A


3. The Krebs cycle


4. The electron transport system and chemiosmosis

What does glycolysis mean?

1. Means "breaking of the sugar"


2. Does not require oxygen


What are the main two stages in glycolysis?

1. Breakdown a six carbon glucose


2. Convert 2 to 3 carbon pyruvate molecules.


( while producing ATP and NADH)

How many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

1. net 2 ATP


(because invested 2 ATP, overall 4 ATP)

How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?

2 NADH

Where does glycolysis take place?

Takes place in the cytosol

Describe the parts of a mitochondrion.

1. Outer membrane


2. Intermembrane space ( area between the two membranes)


3. Inner membrane


4. Christae ( folds of the inner membrane)


5. matrix ( space enclosed within the inner membrane)




- matrix location of the transition reaction and Krebs cycle


- cristae location of the electron transport system

What is involved in the formation of acetyl CoA?

The two (3 Carbon) pyruvate molecules that were converted in glycolysis


1. They enter a mitochondrion


2. Further oxidized into a 2 carbon (acetate) groups


3 transferred to a coenzyme to form acetyl CoA

How many NADH are produced in the formation of acetyl CoA?

2 NADH

Where does the formation of acetyl CoA take place?

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

Describe the main steps in the Krebs cycle.

1. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle 2-3. Oxidized to two molecules of co2


4-6. Potential energy is trapped as ATP, NADH, and FADH2( must do this twice.)


How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?

2 ATP (2 turns)

How many NADH are produced in Krebs cycle?

6 NADH (2 turns)

How many FADH2 were produced in the Krebs cycle?

2 FADH2 (2 turns)

How many carbon dioxide were produced in the Krebs cycle?

4 carbon dioxide

Is carbon dioxide useful to us?

Yes, carbon dioxide is used by plants to produce their food and to grow.

What is the electron transport chain?

Series of proteins that are linked to shuttle electrons to/from a diff molecule.


Drops of H+ ions, electrons, and energy


Used to produce ATP.


Describe the steps in the electron transport chain.

1. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 release energy


2. Membrane-bound enzymes uses energy to pump H+ ions from thee matrix across the inner membrane (with gradient).


3. The electrons are eventually transferred to O2 (producing H2O as a waste product)


4. Meanwhile, the H+ ions flow with its gradients through a channel in ATP synthase (to get to a lower concentration) to go back into the matrix .


4a. Which releases energ. Makes ATP.

How does the electron transport chain produce energy?

1. Pushing hydrogen ions out of the matrix into Intermembrane compartment


2. hydrogen ions go with its gradient to get back into the matrix


3. the ions push through the ATP synthase


= which makes energy

What ions does the energy pump out of the matrix?

Hydrogen ions

What is an electrical chemical gradient ?

Favors the return of H+ ions to the matrix



1. Establishes a Proton gradient


2. establishes a charge gradient


What is a proton gradient?

More H+ ions outside inside.


membrane is not permeable to H+ ion

What is a charge gradient?

It pumping out excessive H+ ions leaves matrix with excessive negative ion

What is the final acceptor molecule for aerobic respiration in this chain ?

Hydrogen acceptor molecules

What does the electrical chemical gradient produced in the end?

Water or ATP

What is ATP synthase?

Enzyme complex that admits protons through a membrane


where they trigger phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

What is chemiosmosis?

Allows H+ ions to move across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space

How is it that ATP is made as H+ ions go through ATP synthase?

1. H+ ions are pumped through a special channel


2. They flow through a protein complex called a coupling factor


2a. spins like a motor as it cranks out ATP

How much energy is harvested from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration?

38 ATP


Glycolosis: 8 atp


Form. Acetyl CoA: 6atp


Krebs Cycle (2 turns): 24 atp


What are different products fermentation produces and what kind of cells produce them

1. Alcohol, yeast cells produce it


2. Lactic acid, muscle cells produce it