Bio 101 Final

Front 1

What is metabolism?

Back 1

All the chemical reactions that cells in living organisms do that are necessary for the maintenance of life

Front 2

What is a metabolic pathway?

Back 2

An enzyme-mediated sequence of reactions in cells

Front 3

What is the role of enxymes in all metabolic pathways in organisms?

Back 3

Helper for reactant

Front 4

What is the substrate, intermediates, and product of metabolic pathways?

Back 4

The substrate is the starting substance, the intermediate is the substances formed during a reaction sequence, the products are what is left at the end.

Front 5

How does an enzyme work?

Back 5

They lower the activation energy needed for reactions to start.

Front 6

What does it do in the metabolic pathway?

Back 6

It brings a substrate/reactants to a transition state.

Front 7

What is the 'transition state' of metabolic reactions?

Back 7

When molecules are in position for a collision causing a successful reaction.

Front 8

What does it mean that enzymes are specific?

Back 8

Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain substrates.

Front 9

What are the factors that influence enzyme activity?

Back 9

Temperature
pH
Salt concentration
Allosteric Regulators
Coenzymes and Cofactors

Front 10

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

Back 10

Small increases in temp. increase collisions/rx rates.

Very high/low temps disrupt bonds/destroy shape of activation sites

Front 11

What is the effect of salinity on enzyme activity?

Back 11

Too much or too little salt interferes with the hydrogen bonds that help hold an enzyme in its three-dimensional shape, inactivating the enzyme

Front 12

What are co-enzymes?

Back 12

Small molecule that participates in an enzymatic reaction and is reversibly modified during the reaction. Made from organic compounds that accept electron and hydrogen ions and transfer them within the cell.

Front 13

What are co-factors?

Back 13

Co-factors, like co-enzymes, help out at the enzymatic reactions. Are inorganic molecules like metal ions.

Front 14

What is an allosteric activator/inhibitor?

Back 14

A molecule that binds to the enzyme on another area than the active site and functions to change the enzyme's shape in a way that allows or prevents a reaction.

Front 15

Describe feedback inhibition.

Back 15

A change that results from a specific activity during metabolic reaction that shuts down the activity.

Front 16

What is the chemical that carries energy in organism's cells? How is energy carried in this chemical?

Back 16

ATP is the main energy carrier. It couples energy-releasing and energy-requiring reactants. ATP primes molecules to react by transferring a phosphate group to them.

Front 17

What is a concentration gradient and what does it mean for a molecule to travel down it?

Back 17

Means the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the number in another region. Substances move from more concentrated to less (down gradient) if there are no other forces.

Front 18

What factors influence diffusion and how do they affect diffusion?

Back 18

Steepness of concentration gradient: the steeper, the faster

Molecular Size: the smaller, the faster

Temperature: The higher, the faster

Electrical or pressure gradients: diff. in elect. charge, diff. in exerted force

Front 19

What is a solution, solute, and solvent?

Back 19

Solution: combination of two substances in which molecules of each are equally disbursed.

Solute: substance being dissolved

Solvent: substance doing the dissolving

Front 20

What are 5 ways molecules can get into or out of a cell through the plasma membrane?

Back 20

Diffusion across the lipid bilayer

Passive (facilitated) transport

Active transport (uses ATP)

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Front 21

What is osmosis?

Back 21

A special kind of diffusion, of water across a selectively permeable membrane. The side with the most solute molecules has the lowest water concentration.

Front 22

Define tonicity, hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic.

Back 22

Tonicity: relative solute concentration of two fluids

Hyper: having more solutes
Iso: having same amount
Hypo: having fewer solutes

Front 23

What molecules easily diffuse through cell membranes?

Back 23

h20, O2, CO2

Front 24

What do we call the molecule that makes passive transport possible?

Back 24

Channel protein/Passive transport protein

Front 25

What is facilitated passive transport?

Back 25

Transport through proteins that are gates and need to be facilitated to open

Front 26

What three things facilitate passive transport?

Back 26

Ligand (something that binds to the protein)

Mechanical means, such as sound waves

Electrical stimulation, or change in charge of molecules in membrane

Front 27

Why is energy needed in active transport? What kind?

Back 27

Because it is diffusion of a solute against the concentration gradient. ATP!

Front 28

What is teh difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? What is phagocytosis?

Back 28

Exo: Cytoplasm vesicle fuses with teh plasma membrane and contents released outside cell

Endo: Plasma membrane sinks inward, seals back on itself, forms vesicle inside the cytoplasm

Phago: Encocytosis in amoeba and macrophages, microfilaments move cytoplasm into a pseudopodia which surrounds what is to be taken in.

Front 29

What is the ultimate energy source for organisms on earth? What is the name for the process of converting it into usable energy for living things on earth?

Back 29

Sunlight. Photosynthesis.

Front 30

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? What are the reactants and the products?

Back 30

Water and carbon dioxide
---light energy--->
------enzymes----->
Oxygen, glucose, water

Front 31

In what kind of an organism does photosynthesis take place?

Back 31

Photoautotrophs.

Plants, many protists, some bacteria.

Front 32

What light waves or photons are useful in photosynthesis?

Back 32

Violet (380 nm) to red (750 nm)

Front 33

What pigments are necessary for photosynthesis?

Back 33

Clorophyll a and b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, phycobilins

Front 34

What are the 2 reactions of the photosynthetic process called? Where does each take place?

Back 34

light dependent and light independent.

Light dependent take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast in a eukaryotic organism and in the cell membrane of a prokaryote

Light independent take place in the stroma

Front 35

What is a photosystem? Where are they located?

Back 35

A cluster of 200-300 pigments and other molecules that trap energy from the sun. Located in the thylakoid.

Front 36

What are the two products of light reactions?

Back 36

ATP and NADPH

Front 37

What are the products of light independent reactions? What is the biochemical pathway called that produces this? What is needed for this reaction?

Back 37

Glucose, ADP, NADP+. Calvin-Benson cycle.
Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH.

Front 38

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

Back 38

Photosynthesis is energy-storing, while CR is energy-releasing pathway. Photos. releases oxygen, CR requires it. Phots. requires carbon dioxide, CR releases it.

Front 39

What do we call the process that organisms use to get energy? What kind of energy does a cell use? Where is the energy found in food?

Back 39

Cellular respiration. A cell uses food to get energy. Glucose.

Front 40

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? What are the reactants and products?

Back 40

Glucose + Oxygen

---->

Carbon dioxide + Water

Front 41

In what organisms does cellular respiration take place? In what organelle does this take place in eukaryotes? In prokaryotes?

Back 41

IN the cells of all organisms, in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

Front 42

Where are the three stages of cellular respiration and how many ATPs are made at each stage?

Back 42

stage 1: glycolysis. 2ATP. cytoplasm.

stage 2: krebs cycle/prepping. 2ATP. mitochondria.

stage 3: electron transport chain. 32ATP. mitochondria.

Front 43

How much ATP does anaerobic or aerobic respiration create?

Back 43

anaerobic makes 2, while aerobic makes 36 or more

Front 44

What coenzymes are needed for cellular respiration? And from what vitamins are they derived

Back 44

NAD+, Niacin. FAD, B12.

Front 45

By what process are ATPs made in glycolysis and Krebs cycle? In the electron transport chain?

Back 45

In glycolysis and krebs cycle, at substrate-level phosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation is the last.

Front 46

How does substrate-level phosphorylation make ATP? How about oxidative phosphoylation?

Back 46

First, means a substrate moleculte donates its phosphate group. And the second is the process of actively pumping hydrogen ions across the selectively permeable membrane.

Front 47

What is ATP synthase?

Back 47

A special transport protein that allows hydrogen ions to pass through.

Front 48

What is the role of oxygen in cell respiration?

Back 48

The final electron acceptor which then combines with H+ to form water. Electron transfer requires the presence of oxygen, otherwise the chain will get oxidized and stop accepting electrons.

Front 49

Name the poisons that interfere with electron transport and HOW they interfere with the process.

Back 49

cyanide and carbon monoxide bind with an electron carrier in the third protein complex. They block off the passage of electrons to oxygen.

Front 50

What is fermentation?

Back 50

Making ATP in conditions without oxygen.

Front 51

What 2 kinds of fermentation are there and what is the difference in resulting products and mechanisms?

Back 51

Alcoholic and lactate fermentation!

Front 52

What is the total energy harvest in cell respiration?

Back 52

36 ATP