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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infection |
Colonization of the body by a microorganism |
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Symptoms |
Subjective: pain and headache |
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Signs |
Evidence of infection: rash and fever |
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Disease |
Interruption of process, organ, or body. A definite pathological process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms |
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Negative Roles of Bacteria |
Rot Food and Cause Disease |
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Positive Roles of Bacteria |
Waste Disposal, Digestion, Photosynthesis, and Nitrogen Fixation |
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Epidemiology |
Study of WHEN and WHERE infectious diseases occur and HOW they are transmitted in populations emphasis on prevention and cure. |
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Mutualism |
Both Benefit |
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Commensulism |
One benefits and the other is unaffected |
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Parasitism |
One benefits and the other suffers |
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Host |
Body or organism that is infected |
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Disease |
any deviation from health |
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Infectious Disease |
disease caused by microbe (disruption of tissue or organs) |
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Infection Proces |
Portal of Entry --> Attachment --> Survive Host Defenses--->Cause Damage (Disease)--> Exit Host |
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Virulance |
Ability to cause Disease |
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Virulence Factors |
Anything that helps a microbe to cause disease |
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Pathogen |
any microbe capable of causing disease |
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True Pathogen |
a microorganism capable of causing disease in a healthy person |
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Opportunistic Pathogen |
pathogenic organism that causes disease in a host with a weakened immune system OR microbes that cause disease only when in places they don't belong |
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Primary Infection |
Occurs in otherwise healthy individual |
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Secondary Infection |
When an infection occurs due to the individual being weakened by primary infection |
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Local Infection |
Localized to one region of body |
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Systemic Infection |
Infection that has spread to deeper organs or systems |
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Portals of Entry |
Mucous membranes (mucosa) respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitouninary, Skin cuts or damage |
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Transmission |
Reservoir --> Mode of Transmission --> New Host |
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Reservoir |
Natural host or habitat of a pathogen. Long Term places: where a pathogen normally lives/multiplies |
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Living Reservoirs (Human CASE) |
Person has it and shows they have it
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Living Reservoir (Human CARRIER) |
Human has it and doesn't show they have it. 1. Incubation period, 2 subclinical infection, 3 infection is resolving, chronic carriers, contaminated hands or clothing |
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Living Reservoir (Zoonic infections) |
Diseases that exist in animals and can be passed to humans |
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Non Living Reservoirs |
Food, water, and soil |
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Transmission (Direct) |
Touch, droplets, or vertical (birth) |
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Transmission (Indirect - Mechanical Vector) |
Living - Biological Vector: living and part of virus lifecycle Non Living - Vector: water, food, air, and fomites |
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Reasons for disease in the past |
No sewage system, dirty water sources, and garbage |
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Endemic |
Disease lives in population, population adapts to disease and disease adapts to population. |
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Travelers and Endemics |
Travelers at high risk to get endemic diseases and would bring their own endemic diseases to new place |
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Early thoughts on disease |
Punishments from god. Hippocrates fathered western medicine: separated religion from disease and determined it to be a factor of living conditions and ways of life. |
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Leprosy (Bacteria Description) |
-Skin/nerve disease -Bacteria: Gram Positive bacillus, acid fast, slow-growing, intracellula, discovered by Gerhard Armauer Hansen |
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Tuberculoid Leprosy |
-Shallow, irregular skin lesions -Some loss of sensation due to nerve damage |
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Lepromatous Leprosy |
-Disfiguring lumpy skin -Significant nerve damage |
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Leprosy in religion |
Christians said to isolate lepors and leprosy was likely a blanket term for many skin diseases |
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Leprosy's impact |
-Probably led to belief that disease is contagious -Isolation can prevent spread -Certain diseases cause stigmatization |
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Plague (Bacteria Description) |
-Gram Negative
-Coccobacillus -Discovered by Alexandre Yersin -Yesinia Pestis -Vector Born |
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Bubonic Plague |
-Infection of lymph nodes -Swollen necrotic lymph nodes "bubos" fever, chills, headache +15% mortality rate |
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Septicemic "Black" Plague |
-Often the progression of bubonic plague -Bacteria goes from lymph nodes --> bloodstream -Causes excessive immune system response to endotoxin |
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Septicemic "Black" Plague Process |
-Intravascular coagulation -Clots in blood stream -Capillaries plugged -Bleeding under skin -Tissues die and blacken -Death from septic shock -mortality is 100% |
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Pneumonic Plague |
-Progression of Bubonic Plague -Infects lungs -Becomes airborne and can spread -Respiratory failure -Death by septic shock -mortality 100% |
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Plague Cases |
-First was "Justinian Plague" Romaniam Empire 500AD -Second was "Black Death" 1347-1351 |
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Plague Resulted in |
-Public Health Measures -Medicine as science -Church gained strength |
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Syphilis "The Great Pox" |
-Treponemia Palladium -Gram negative -Spirochete -Discovered by Erich Hoffman and Fritz Schaum -1 to 4 stages |
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Primary Syphilis |
-Single Chancre (painless sore) -Transmitted through direct contact with chancre -Bacteria spread via blood or lymph nodes -Chancre heals, bacteria remain |
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Secondary Syphilis |
-3-6 weeks after chancre heals -Rashes appear on skin, throat, or cervix -fever, headache, sore throat, hair loss -sometimes joint, liver, and bone damage -Contact with rash spread infection |
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Latent Syphilis |
-Signs disappear and remain gone for up to 20 years
-After 2-4 years, secondary syphilis is not transferable except via birth |
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Tertiary Syphilis |
-~15% of people with latent syphilis develop tertiary syphilis. -Painful swollen tumors (gumas) in liver skin bone or cartilage -may cause serious damage |
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Nuerosyphilis |
-Bacteria invade nervous system -Symptoms go from mild to sever ranging from behavior changes to coordinating muscles -Internal organ damage: brain, eyes, heart, liver, essentials and eventually death |
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Congenital Syphilis |
-Bacteria goes through umbilical cord and to fetus; disrupts growth and development of fetus -Miscarriage/stillbirth -Infants who survive sever nasal discharge, skin eruptions, may have bone, joint, nervous system, eye, and tooth defects (w teeth) |
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Significance of syphilis |
-Epidemic in Europe -Origin unclear -Rapid spread blamed on troop movements -Doctors refused patients and were even turned away from lepor colonies |
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Important Concepts Syphilis Lead To |
-Diseases can result from particular behaviors -Certain diseases may be treatable (quick silver baths) -Certain diseases may be prevented (condoms) |
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Tuskegee Experiments |
-Research gov funded study syphilis -funding ran out -observed course of syphilis -penecillian observed to treat it |
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Smallpox |
-Variola Virus -Transmitted from person to person via droplets or fomites -Double Strand DNA, envelope -High Fever, Large fluid filled skin lesions -1st Vaccine -1st eradicated disease |
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Smallpox progression |
-Transmission: droplets, contact with lesions, contaminated clothing or cloth -Symptoms appear in 12 days -First symptoms: high fever, fatigue, back ache -Raised spotted rash appears in 2-3 days in mouth and throat, followed by rash on face and arms then to legs. -Rash starts flat then later fills with fluid in 1-2 days. after 3-4 days blisters scab and fall off -no treatment |
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Smallpox significance |
-may have killed more people than all infectious diseases -killed kings and queens as well as commoners -Europeans brought smallpox blankets to south america: first BIO weapon killed 50% of population in 1 year |
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Smallpox Attempts to Cure |
-Fluid from mild case inhaled or put under skin -First vaccine -Led to immunity but also chance of getting it |
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Edward Jenner |
-First vaccine ever (for smallpox) -Noted women with cowpox had immunity to smallpox -showed cowpox can be used to prevent smallpox -His work led to smallpox eradication by 1971 |
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Fathers of Microbiology |
-Robert Hooke -Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek -Both developed simple microscopes |
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Robert Hooke |
-First to observe cells (called micrographia) |
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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |
-First to observe bacteria (wee animalcules) -Present in food, water, mouth, everywhere he looked |
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Miasmas vs Germs |
-Miasmas were thought to cause disease (bad smells) -mid 1800s builds evidence of microbes being cause (Germs) |
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Germ Theory |
-Theory that microbes cause many or all disease -not widely accepted -many contributed to this work |
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Ignaz Semmelweiss |
-Suspected doctors/midwives were transmitting childbed fever to mothers during childbirth -Required hand washing in "chloride of lime" -Childbed fever dropped from 50% to 1% -Was not believed and died in exile |
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John Snow |
-Father of Epidemiology -Mapped cholera outbreak -Conducted survey and prevented outbreak -Prevented outbreak |
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Joseph Lister |
-Used chemicals to sterilize surgical instruments -Convinced doctors to be clean to prevent disease -Hand washing
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Louis Pasteur |
-Linked microbes to inanimate objects like air and food spoilage -demonstrated that heat can prevent this -Discovered weak microbes can be used to generate immunity |
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Robert Koch |
-Proved Germ Theory of Disease by proving bacillus anthracis caused anthrax -Developed methods to grow bacteria in lab -Determined Koch's postulates for determining cause of disease -Discovered microbes responsible for tuberculosis and cholera |
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Typhoid and Dysentery |
-Salmonella Typhi -Shigella dysenteriae -Killed tons of people -lack of sanitation, crowding, and poor nutrition -killed more people during cival war than civil war killed people |
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Impact of Antibiotics |
-Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin 1928 -Chain and Florey demonstrated effectiveness in patients in 1930s -Became commercially available in 1941, saved many in WWII -1940-1960s many antibiotics were discovered and infections dropped dramatically -Now bacteria resistance to antibiotics threatens this |
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Decrease in deaths throughout 20th century |
-Sanitation -Hygiene -Vaccines -Antibiotics |
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Tuberculosis |
-Direct or indirect transmission (can survive 8 months in aerosol particles) -Gram Positive Bacillus -Acid Fast -Slow Growing -Can survive phagocytosis -Older than humans |
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Tuberculosis Stages |
-Primary: Mild fever, walled off into tubercles, often become necrotic and calcified into lesions -Secondary: Persistent cough, bloody phlegm, extreme fatigue, and weight loss -Extrapulmonary: in inmunosuppressed |
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Significance of Tuberculosis |
-Huge increase on tuberculosis 1800-1930s -Tenet living allowed for aerial transmission -Poor nutrition means more susceptible -airborne means everyone ca get it -Caused 25% of deaths in Europe in 1800s and leading cause of death in 1900s |
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Treatment of Tuberculosis |
-Patients sent to sanatorium -Streptomycin antibiotic used to treat it -Current treatment is multi-drug cocktail (still worldwide threat, increasing in resistance to antibiotics) |
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Polio |
-Polovirus transmitted via contaminated food, water, hands, and fomites via fecal-oral rought -Single strand DNA -No envelope -Robust Capsid |
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Significance of Polio |
-95%-98% of cases of polio are subclinical and exhibit flu signs. These cases spread polio -2%-5% involve nervous system -Limb and Lung paralysis -Iron Lung -Sanitation increased cases because no vertical transmission to provide immunity |
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Polio Treatment |
-Iron Lung -President Roosevelt National Foundation for Infant paralysis -Salk Polio Vaccine -Sabin Polio Vaccine -Considered eliminated in western hemisphere |
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Influenza |
-Respiratory disease caused by virus -Single Strand RNA -Envelope -Transmission by droplets, fomites, and airborne routes -Life threatening to old or young |
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Significance of Influenza |
-1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic -US soldiers spread across US and then Europe -Killed young healthy people at highest rate -Hemorrhagic pneumonia (blood lungs) unusual but happened -Killed more people in shortest time than any other pandemic -Influenza came from pig or bird |
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Some Reemerging or New infectious diseases |
-Lyme Disease -HIV/AIDS -Hepatitis -West Nile Encephalitis -SARS |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
-Animals -Plants -Fungi -Protozoa |
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Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics |
-Larger than bacterial cells -Contains a nucleus -Contains organelles |
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Structures in ALL Eukaryotic Cells |
-Cell membranes -Cytoplasm -Nucleus -Mitochondria, endosplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus -Ribosomes -Cytoskeleton |
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Cell membrane |
-phospholipid bilayer with proteins -selectively permeable membrane
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Cytoplasm |
-70%-80% water -Contains: organelles, proteins, sugars, fats, etc |
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Nucleus |
-membrane-bound organelle that contains DNA and chromosomes *KEY FEATURE |
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Ribosomes |
-Synthesizes proteins -Located on the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Mitochondrea |
-produces majority of cells energy |
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Endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus |
-molecule processing and transport |
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Cytoskeleton |
-Cell support and shape -mixing cytoplasm and anchoring other structures -sometimes movement of cell |
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Glycocalyx/extra cell membrane |
-Structures found in MOST Eukaryotic cells -attached to cell membrane -protection of cell -adherence to other surfaces or cells |
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Cell Wall |
-Structure found in SOME Eukaryotic cells -made of polysaccharides, chitin, or cellulose, NEVER peptidoglycan -protect from lysis and give structure |
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Flagella/Cila |
-Appendages for mobility in Eukaryotes -more complex than bacteria flagella -Cila many and synchronized motion -Flagella few per cell and wave or whip motion |
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Chloroplasts |
-Found in plants and algae for photosynthesis |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
-Bacteria -Archaea -Both unicellular -Lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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Bacteria and Archaea |
-DNA found in cell cytoplasm -Lack membrane bound organelles: mitochondria, endoplasmic riticulum, golgi apparatus |
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Bacteria Shapes |
-Coccus : spherical -Bacillus : Rod shaped -Vibrio : Comma Shaped -Spirillum : Wavy -Spirochete : corkscrew shaped |
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Cell Envolope |
Cell membrane + Cell wall -separates inside from outside- |
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Cell membrane |
selectively permeable barrier to the outside that regulates what enters cell |
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Cell membrane composition |
-phospholipid bilayer -proteins |
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Cell Walls |
-Prevent bacteria from lysis (rupture) -Almost all bacteria have this -made of peptidoglycan |
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Petidoglyican |
-Mesh like structure (chainlink fence) -very strong and flexible -open so molecules can flow through |
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Gram Positive Cell Wall |
-No outer membrane -Stain purple in Gram Stain Gram(+) |
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Gram Negative Cell Wall |
-Has outer membrane -Stain pink in Gram Stain Gram(-) |
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Ribosomes |
-Make proteins -10,000s per cell |
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Microcompartments |
-Protein shells packed with enzymes |
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Cytoskeleton |
-Long fibers wrapped around cell under the cell membrane -probably provides extra support to long stretches of cell wall |
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Pili |
-Join bacteria to transfer DNA |
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Archaea |
-Have cell walls but no peptidoglycan -unusual lipids -unique ribosomal structure -found in harsh environments |
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Achaea Location |
-Found in human body -might cause disease -no proof of this |
