Ati Community Health Nursing

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Community Based Nursing

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Provision of acute care and care for chronic health problems to individuals and families in the community. Usually direct patient care.

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Community Oriented Nursing

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Nursing that has as its primary focus the health care of either the community or a population of individuals, families, and groups.

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Community Health Nursing

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A term often interchanged with public health nursing or nursing practice in the community, with the primary focus on the health care of a community and the effect of the community health status on individuals, families, and groups. The goal is to preserve, protect, promote, or maintain health.

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Public Health Nursing

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Specialty of nursing that is defined as, “The practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences”

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Policy Development

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Providing leadership in developing policies that support the health of the population.

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Assurance

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Public health role of making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available.

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Host

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Human or animal that provides adequate living conditions for any given infectious agent; living human or animal organism in which an infectious agent can exist under natural conditions; the combined human potential of the people living in a community.

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Agent

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Causative factor, such as a biological or chemical agent, invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease.

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Environment

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All of the factors internal and external to the client that constitute the context in which the client lives and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent–host interactions; the sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and survival of an organism; for public health, refers to all factors that constitute the context in which persons or animals live and that influence and are influenced by the host and agent–host interactions.

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Epidemiological Triangle

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Infectious agent, host, and environment.

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Primary Prevention

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Type of intervention that seeks to promote health and prevent disease from the beginning; involves health promotion and education.

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Secondary Prevention

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Intervention that seeks to detect disease by screening and providing health care early in its progression (early pathogenesis) before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent in order to make an early diagnosis and begin treatment.

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Tertiary Prevention

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Continued long-term health care. Intervention that begins once the disease is obvious; the aim is to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and begin rehabilitation.

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Risk

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Probability that an event will occur within a specified time period.

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Incidence Rate

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Quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk. The population at risk is considered to be persons without the event or outcome of interest but who are at risk of experiencing it. People who already have the disease or outcome of interest are excluded from the population at risk for this calculation because they already have the condition and are no longer at risk of developing it.

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Incidence Portion

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Indicates the proportion of the population at risk that experiences the event over some period of time.

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Prevalence Portion

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The measure of existing disease in a population at a particular time (i.e., the number of existing cases divided by the current population). A prevalence proportion is not an estimate of the risk of developing disease, because it is a function of both the rate at which new cases of the disease develop and how long those cases remain in the population.

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How is validity of a screening test measured?

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By sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity quantifies how accurately the test identifies those with the condition or trait. Sensitivity represents the proportion of persons with the disease whom the test correctly identifies as positive (true positives). High sensitivity is needed when early treatment is important and when identification of every case is important. Specificity indicates how accurately the test identifies those without the condition or trait.

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Reliability of a screening test.

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Reliability is the consistency of repeating a measure and is affected by variation in results.

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Assessment

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Systematic data collection on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community

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Virtue Ethics

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The goal of virtue ethics, one of the oldest ethical theories, is to enable persons to flourish as human beings.

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Consumer Confidence Report

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When a community is provided drinking water by a water supplier (as opposed to individual wells), the water provider is responsible for testing the water according to EPA standards. The results of the testing must be reported to those who purchase the water, in the form of a consumer confidence report (CCR). Nurses should review consumer confidence reports, sometimes referred to as right-to-know reports, to learn what pollutants have been found in the drinking water.

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Epidemiologic Model

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Used to understand the "relationship" between work and health

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Health Disparities

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Wide variations in health services and health status among certain population groups.