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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 general functions of blood
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distribution, regulation, protection
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What are the distributive function of blood
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02 delivery; nutrients via GI tract
transport metabolic waste to elimination sites, convey hormones from endocrine organs to target |
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What are the regulative functions of blood.
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body temp, pH in tissues, fluid volume
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What are the protective functions of blood.
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prevent blood loss, prevent infection
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What are the formed elements of the blood and which are cells
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RBCs, WBCs, Platelets; the WBCs are the only complete cells, platelets are fragments, RBCs lack nucleus
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What is the purpose of RBCs and WBCs?
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RBC- respiratory gas transport
WBC- combat disease |
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What is hemoglobin
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globin protein with heme (pigment) with an Fe in the middle. 4-O2 transported by one HB, single RBC possess 250 million HB
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What is erythropoiesis, what is responsible, what triggers it.
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The production of RBC, its originates in myeloid stem cell in bone marrow. Triggered by hypoxia, O2 sensitive NZs in kidney unable to degrade HIF which accumulates and triggers EPO
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What are the stages of hemostasis
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1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation |
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What happens in vascular spasm
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Vasoconstriction, chemical release by endothelial cells, pain reflexes by nociceptors, platelets
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what happens during the platelet plug
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platelets aggregate to form temp. seal, Intact endothelial cells release NO and prostacyclin to restrict aggregation, platelets bind to exposed collagen fibers, ADP is aggregating agnet
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What happens during coagulation
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reenforces plug w/ fibrin threads, fibrin mesh seals larger breaks, procoagulants (plasma protein) promote gelatinization, vitamin K required for synth. of 4 procoagulants, intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
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What can inhibit hemostasis
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thrombeoemblic disorders-cause undesirable clot formations
disseminated intravascular coagulation-unwanted clotting to bleeding bleeding disorders |
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Explain blood groupings
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ABO blood groups based on presence of A and B aggluntinogens
Rh h blood groups are -/+ |
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What happens when you give someone the wrong blood
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recipients agglutinins attack donors erythrocytes, foreign RBCs agglutinized then rupture or are destroyed, can cause death ect
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What does thalassemias do
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found in greeks or italians, has a missing missing or faulty globin and the erythrocytes are thin and delicate
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what does sickle-cell anemia do
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beta chains in the globin molecule are stiff rods so that hemoglobin s becomes spiky and under pressure rupture and can damn up small blood vessels
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what are the components of blood plasma
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90% water, over 100 solutes including wastes, protiens (albumen), hormones, nutrients, respiratory gasses, electrolytes, globulins
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Which direction does lymph flow
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only flows towards the heart
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What is the purpose of the lymphatic system
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return fluid leaked out from vascular system back to blood, remove foreign material from lymph and blood streams
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What are lacteals
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highly specialized lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the intestinal mucosa that absorb and digest fat
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What are the types and functions of lymphatic cells
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T cells-manage immune response also attack/destroy infected cells/B cells-produce plasma cells to generate antibodies/Macrophages-phagocytize foreign matter/Dendric-capture antigens bring them to lymph nodes/Reticular-form stoma to support other cell types
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What do lymph nodes do
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filter lymph, macorphages in nodes remove/destroy microorganisms and other debris, assist in immune system activation
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what is the role of the spleen
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provides site for lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, stores some breakdown products of RBCs for r-use and platelets
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What is the role of the thymus
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site for maturation of T lymphocyte precursors
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What and where are peyer's patches and where are they located
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destroy bacteria preempting intestinal wall breach, can generate memory lymphocytes for LT immunity, throughout intestines in abdomen
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what is MALT and what does it do
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Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, prevents mucous membrane lining of exterior passages from being compromised
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What does the compliment do
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provides mechanism for destroying foreign substances, enhances innate and adaptive defenses
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What is MAC and what does it do to a cell
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Membrane Attack Complex=lysis (holes into cell membrane)
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What are the two main types of immune system defenses and differences between them
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Innate-always working/ready-1-2 line of defense
adaptive-adapts and attacks specifics but takes more time, 3rd line of defense |
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What makes up the innate defense system
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1st line-skin and mucous
2nd line-inflamation, phagocytes, fever NK cells, antimicrobial proteins |
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What makes up the adaptive defense system
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humoral and cell-mediated
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What is the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity
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humoral-antibody's produced by lymphocytes that float freely and temporarily attach to primarily bateria and mark them for destruction by phagocytes
cell-mediated-lymphocytes themselves attack same plus actual cells |
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How do Interferons work
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small proteins that diffuse to nearby cells where they stimulate synthesis of proteins which interfere with the viral replication in the still healthy cells by blocking protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA
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What are diapedesis and chemotaxis in relation to phagocyte mobilization
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diapedesis is the chemical signaling that allows them to leave the capillary walls, chemotaxis is the inflammation chemicals that attract the wbc's to the site
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what are the two important properties of complete antigens
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immunogenicity-the ability to stimulate specific lymph. and antibodies
reactivity-ability to react with the activated antibodies and lymphocytes |
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What are MHC proteins
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Major histocompatibility comples proteins, determine self/nonself,
Class 1-virtually all cells(origin displayed peptides inside) Class 2-certain cells that act in immune response(origin displayed peptides outside) |
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what is an antigen presenting cell and examples
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engulfs antigens and present fragments for T-cell recognition ex. Dendritic cells(most effective), macrophages, B lymphocytes
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What is clonal selection
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B lymphcytes bind antigens that then use receptor-mediated endocytosis, then starts growing rapidly and multiply creating an army of identical clones. most morph into plasma cells to secrete antibodies, some become memory cells in case it ever come back to activate quickly (immunological memory)
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What are the types of immunological immunity
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naturally active-infection/contact w/ pathogen, naturally passive-antibodies pass from mother to fetus, artificially active-vaccine;dead pathogens, artificially passive-injection of immune serum
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Whats the primary role of IgA
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Mucosa to prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells
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What is the primary role of IgG
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protects against bacteria, viruses, and toxins circulating in blood, provides passive immunity to fetus
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What is the primary role of IgM
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first Ig class released during primary response, potent agglutinating agent, readily fixes and activates complement
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What is the primary role of IgD
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almost always attached to B cell as the antigen receptor, important to the B cell activation
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IgE
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in plasma of skin, intestine, mucus, tonsils. stem region becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and when triggered causes a release histamines and chemicals that cause allergic reaction.
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what does somatic recombination contribute too
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antigen receptor diversity
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What are some typical effects of hormonal signaling
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alter permeability of plasma membran, stimulates synthesis of protens or regulatory molecules, Activates/deA enzymes, stimulates mitosis
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What hormones are water soluble and what type of receptors do they employ
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all amino acid based except thyroid(t3/t4), extracellular
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What hormones are lipid soluble and what type of receptors do they employ
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steroids and thyroid hormones, intracellular
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What are the 2 types of signalling mechanisms
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2nd messenger (H2O soluble), transcription or direct gene activation (lipid soluble)
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how does 2nd messenger system work
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1.hormone attaches to receptor outside cell which binds a g-protien. 2.a GTP replaces a GDP on g-protein activating it and moving to Adenylate cyclase 3.an ATP activate Adr.Cy. to generate a cAMP which activates protein kinases that phosphorylate
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What is the importance of the thyroid hormone in thermoregulation and metabolism
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stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation that increase basal metabolic rates and body heat production (known as calorigenic effect)
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what are the general steps in T3/T4 synthesis
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1.formation and storage of thyroglobulin 2.Iodide trapping 3.Oxidation to iodine and iodination 4.Coupling T2 and T1 5.Colloid endocytosis 6.Cleavage of the hormones for release
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What role does Iodine play in T3/T4
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is a crucial component of hormone and required for synthesis
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What is positive feedback
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causes the level of change to increase in the same direction (domino effect)
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