A&p2-3

Front 1

Aldosterone works by

Back 1

Increases rate of Na-K pump

Front 2

Aldosterone impacts osmolarity/volume how

Back 2

Does not impact osmolarity. As NA crosses membrane, water follows. Increases volume.

Front 3

ADH works by

Back 3

Increases synthesis of aquaporins.

Front 4

ADH impacts osmolarity/volume how

Back 4

Decreases osmolarity increase volume

Front 5

Osmolarity formula

Back 5

Osmoles/volume

Front 6

RAAS stands for

Back 6

Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

Front 7

Baroreceptors for blood pressure are where

Back 7

Carotid & aorta

Front 8

Angiotensin does what

Back 8

Stimulates thirst, vasoconstriction, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Front 9

Pancreatic enzymes

Back 9

Proteases (proteins), amylase (starches), lipases (break triglycerides into monoglyceridea and fatty acids, nuclease (digest dna/rna to nucleotides

Front 10

Proteases

Back 10

Digest proteins into amino acids (trypsin/chymotrypsin)

Front 11

Amylase

Back 11

Digests starches into maltose/glucose

Front 12

Lipases

Back 12

Digest fats (triglycerides) into monoglycerides/fatty acids

Front 13

Nuclease

Back 13

Digest rna/dna into nucleotides

Front 14

Vital capacity

Back 14

Amount of air in lungs that can be exhaled after maximal forced inspiration

Front 15

Inspiratory capacity

Back 15

Amt of air in lungs that can be inhaled after quiet exhalation. Sum of tidal volume + residual volume

Front 16

Volume depletion

Back 16

Aka hypovolemia. Lose proportional amt of h20 + na+. Volume declines, osmolarity normal. Burns, hemorrhage, chronic diarrhea

Front 17

Dehydration

Back 17

Negative water balance. Lose more H20 than na+; osmolarity increases

Front 18

Hemocytometer calculation

Back 18

Large volume (=1000 mm3) ÷ small volume (.001 mm3/sq). 4 squares = 250,000.

Front 19

Parietal cells secrete what

Back 19

HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin

Front 20

Chief cells secrete what

Back 20

Gastric lipase (gastrin), pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by HCl)

Front 21

Seminiferous tubules

Back 21

Tubules in which sperm are produced

Front 22

Epididymis

Back 22

Tubules where sperm mature & become motile

Front 23

Stages of sperm development

Back 23

Type A spermatogonium divides by mitosis (to type A + type B). Type b becomes primary spermatocyte, divides by meiosis to 2 secondary spermatocytes and then into 4 spwrmatids. They then evolve into sperm

Front 24

Stages of digestive fx

Back 24

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation

Front 25

Ovulation triggered by

Back 25

LH

Front 26

Endometrium governed by

Back 26

Progesterone

Front 27

Stages of labor

Back 27

Dilation, expulsion, placental

Front 28

Leptin

Back 28

Informs brain how much body fat we have

Front 29

Glucagon

Back 29

Stimulates synthesis of glucose from glycogen stored in liver

Front 30

Purposes of triglycerides

Back 30

Energy storage, glucose/protein sparing, membranes/myelin (phospholipids), absorption of fat soluble vitamins, serum lipoprotein (deliver lipids to cells)

Front 31

Why do we need carbs

Back 31

Fuel, structure, dietary fiber

Front 32

Major pathways of glucose metabolism

Back 32

Gylcolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration

Front 33

Our bodies use compounds as fuel in what order

Back 33

Glucose, fats, amino acids (in starvation)

Front 34

Glucagon made by

Back 34

Pancreatic beta cells

Front 35

Back 35

1. Total lung capacity 2. Inspiratory capacity 3. Functional residual capacity 4. Inspiratory reserve volume 5. Expiratory reserve 6. Vital capacity 7. Tidal volume

Front 36

Chromatid vs chromosome

Back 36

Chromosome has one centromere. Chromotid is a copy. A chromosome may have one or two copies, each with one centromere. So a single chromosome with two copies will have two sister chromatids.

Front 37

Developing follicles produce /secrete [blank] in response to []

Back 37

Estrogen; FSH and LH

Front 38

Corpus luteum secretes

Back 38

Progesterone

Front 39

Primary oocytes are arrested where

Back 39

Early meiosis I (2n). These are present at birth.

Front 40

Secondary oocytes arrested where

Back 40

Metaphase ii (1n). Mature to this level at puberty

Front 41

Primordial germ cell

Back 41

Oogonium, spermatogonium

Front 42

FSH + LH stimulate what

Back 42

Androgens, estrogens, progesterone from gonads

Front 43

Predominant estrogen during reproductive years in female

Back 43

Estradiol

Front 44

First two weeks of pregnancy, cells are called...

Back 44

Blastocyst

Front 45

From day 16 through week 8 developing baby called

Back 45

Embryo

Front 46

Hormones with strongest influence on pregnancy, AND secreted by what

Back 46

Estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin; by placenta

Front 47

Osmosis driven by

Back 47

Electrolyte concentration

Front 48

Angiotensin release stimulated by

Back 48

Reduced blood pressure/volume

Front 49

Things that change acid vase balance

Back 49

Lactic acid buildup, fatty acids/ketones, carbonic acid from excess CO2

Front 50

Space between tooth and gum

Back 50

Gingival sulcus

Front 51

Phases of swallowing

Back 51

Oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

Front 52

G (enteroendocrine) cells secrete X, which

Back 52

Gastrin, stimulates chief + parietal cells

Front 53

Parts of small intestine

Back 53

Duodenum, jejunum, ilium

Front 54

what is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary

Back 54

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 55

pulmonary arteries have (much/little higher/lower) bp compared to systemic arteries

Back 55

considerably lower

Front 56

which of the following does not contribute to venous return?

A, difference of pressure between venules and vena cava

B. expansion/contraction of thoracic cavity

C. suction created by atria expanding during systole

D.widespread vasodilation

E. contraction of skeletal muscles

Back 56

D

Front 57

correct sequence of events of cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumentric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection

Back 57

ventricular filling, contraction, ejection, relaxation

Front 58

which vessels have thickest tunica media

Back 58

large arteries

Front 59

alternative routes of blood supply are called

Back 59

anastomoses

Front 60

which of the following is associated with vasomotion: collagen/elastic tissue in tunica media; elastic tissue in tunica externa; endothelium in tunica interna; smooth muscle in tunica media; fenestrations in tunica externa

Back 60

smooth muscle

Front 61

which of the following would decrease velocity of blood flow? increased viscosity, increased bp, increased vessel radius, increased afterload, decreased vasomotion

Back 61

viscosity

Front 62

which has the most important effect on blood velocity: blood viscosity, vessel radius, blood osmolarity, hematocrit, vessel length

Back 62

vessel radius

Front 63

where is vasomotor center located: hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex

Back 63

medulla oblongata

Front 64

opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by: breathing, gravity, valves contracting/relaxing, osmotic gradients, pressure gradients

Back 64

pressure gradients

Front 65

chordae tendinae of AV valves anchored to what in the ventricles

Back 65

papillary muscles

Front 66

which of the following is shared by cardiac and skeletal muscles: muscle fiber striations, dependence on nervous stimulation, communcation via gap junctions, intercalated discs, autorhythmicity

Back 66

muscle fiber striations

Front 67

the [blank] is the pacemaker that intiates each heartbneat

Back 67

sinoatrial node

Front 68

pacenajer potential is a result of: NA inflow, NA outflow, K inflow, K outflow, Ca2 inflow

Back 68

Na inflow

Front 69

cells of the sinaotrial node (depolarize/repolarize) (fast/slow) during pacemaker potential

Back 69

depolarize slow

Front 70

the [blank] provides most of Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction

Back 70

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 71

when a clot is no longer needed, fibrin dissolved by

Back 71

plasmin

Front 72

structural framerowrk of a bloof clot is formed by

Back 72

fibrin polymer

Front 73

where in the body are hematopoeitic stell cells found

Back 73

bone marrow

Front 74

which is most likely to cause anemia: altitude, air pollution, renal disease, smoking, anything that causes hypoxemia

Back 74

renal disease

Front 75

what is the most superficial layer enclosing heart

Back 75

perietal pericardium

Front 76

the (blank) performs work of the heart

Back 76

myocardium

Front 77

a woman's first pregnancy is norma but the second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mother is likely type __ and both children are __.

Back 77

A, Rh neg; B, rh pos.

Front 78

tissues become edematous when which of the following occurs? colloid osmotic pressure is high, hyperproteneimia, high NA/protein concentration, high hematocrit, dietary protein deficiency

Back 78

protein deficiency

Front 79

3 categories of lymphocyes

Back 79

B, T, NK

Front 80

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole would (reduce/increase) filtration rate

Back 80

reduce

Front 81

vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole would (reduce/increase) filtration rate

Back 81

increase

Front 82

glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from filtrate by

Back 82

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 83

how is vital capacity calculated

Back 83

expiratory reserve+ tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

Front 84

(blanks) constitutes one half of all nitrogenous wastes

Back 84

uric acid

Front 85

blood plasma is filtered in the

Back 85

renal corpuscle

Front 86

what is primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla

Back 86

juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 87

which of the following is not a function of respiratory system: control of pH; flow of lymph and venous blood; regulation of bp; synthesis of vasodilators; defecation aid

Back 87

vasodilators

Front 88

alveolar capillaries supplied by

Back 88

pulmonary artery

Front 89

chemical reaction of gasses in pulmonary system supports

Back 89

regulation of pH

Front 90

addition of CO2 to the blood generates [blank] ions in the RBCs

Back 90

hydrogen

Front 91

lymph is similar to plasma except

Back 91

low in protein

Front 92

secretes perforins

Back 92

NK cell

Front 93

B cells differentiate into

Back 93

plasma celsl

Front 94

cannot act as APC

Back 94

T cell

Front 95

haptens determine

Back 95

antigenicity of a molecule

Front 96

lymphatic nodules

Back 96

dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

Front 97

interleukins are

Back 97

chemical signals for cell communication

Front 98

chemoreceptors in medulla monitor

Back 98

pH of cerebrospinal fluid

Front 99

thick segment of nephron loop impermeable to water (T/F)

Back 99

true

Front 100

primary function of nephron loop is to generate salinity gradient that allows collecting duct to dilute urine (t/F)

Back 100

F

Front 101

Systole

Back 101

Contraction

Front 102

Diastole

Back 102

Relaxation

Front 103

Exchange of materials at capillary beds occurs by

Back 103

Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, transcytosis

Front 104

Types of granulocytes

Back 104

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Front 105

Basophils secrete

Back 105

Leukotrienes, histamine, heparin

Front 106

Monocytes become

Back 106

Macrophages/dendrites

Front 107

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

Back 107

Systemic, specific, memory

Front 108

Stages of adaptive immunity

Back 108

Recognition, attack, memory

Front 109

T cells part of (cellular/humoral) immunity

Back 109

Cellular

Front 110

B cells (humoral/cellular) immunity

Back 110

Humoral

Front 111

Vasa recta

Back 111

Capillaries that extend from peritubular capillaries, surround & exchange material with nephron loop

Front 112

Peritubular capillaries

Back 112

Branch from efferent arteriole, reabsorb water/nutrients

Front 113

Stages of urine formation

Back 113

1) filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion 4) water conservation