Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Changes to the World Economy (1450-1750) |
- transition out of Post-Classical Era - rise of New Empires - maritime technology and trade on the rise - Old world meets New, East meets West - Heavy use of gunpowder weapons - No new world Religions emerge |
|
|
Continuities in the World Economy (1450-1750) |
- Same world religions remain - Few gender changes - Men remain powerful - Very little game-changer technology |
|
|
Northern Europe in the new World Economy |
- hit more harshly by the Plague -> longer to recover than Spain, Portugal, or Italy - Joint-Stock (Pool) Capital: Wealthy pool together money to invest ie. British/Dutch E. India Company - French also had individual explorers - People fleeing religion persecution go to America (Protestants) - Look for a NW Passage (DOESN'T EXIST) - Explore down St. Lawrence -Henry Hudson(GB) explored for French |
|
|
Columbian Exchange |
Diffusion of Old and New World crops, animals, cultural traits, philosophies, y diseases - Sugar Cane: Old World crop that grows well in New World climate -> Spanish built slave based plantations - Beans, potatoes, corn --> new grains make Europe's pop skyrocket - Big Animals come to Americas -> Animal husbandry (breeding livestock) - Diseases WRECK New World -> Syphilis goes to Old World |
|
|
European Effect on Existing Trade Areas |
- Do not completely displace Muslim traders in Swahili Coast - Do not completely displace Ottomans -- Battle of Lepanto: Spaniards dominate Ottomans in Mediterranean (1571) - Limited trade to Japan; only Nagasaki open - Only a little trade with Constantinople -Trade freely in St. Petersburg |
|
|
Imbalances in the World Trade System and Mercantilism/Effects |
-Competition largely only b/w European nations - decline of other world empires Mercantilism: favorable balance of trade -> Exports > Imports -> Establish Colonies (Mandatory market) -> Stockpile gold and silver -> Send manufactured goods to colonies -> Foster economic Dependency -> Began by Phillip II Core-Dependent System: Colonies dependent on core. Result of Mercantilism |
|
|
Triangle Trade/Atlantic Trade System |
Europe: Manufactured goods --> Africa: slaves --> America: crops, natural resources--> Cycle continues to repeat itself until the end of slave trade in the 1800s |
|
|
Conquistadors |
Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Established 1st mainland colony in Panama Cortes: explores Mexico (Aztec); impressed by Tenochtitlan (gold) -used cannons, muskets, horses, diseases, forms contact with unhappy Aztec subordinates Pizarro: Cortes' cousin, exploits weaknesses in the empire by forming alliances with unhappy indigenous people |
|
|
Italian Renaissance |
-Began in Italy because it was wealthy -City states were well connected to world trade networks -Built on Greco-Roman Past -Rebirth of Mediterranean culture, secular themes -Italy=home of wealthy patrons of the arts -financial bankers (ie. Medici's) -Medici's --> Florence, <3 of the arts |
|
|
Humanism |
-Focus on present day and human potential -No focus on afterlife -Return to original texts --> primary sources -Modern interpretation of old -Secular by nature -Use of Vernacular -Translation of old texts into local lang. |
|
|
Renaissance in the North |
-Later because was hit harder by the Plague -No Greco-Roman Themes -Darker artwork, more religious (ie. Durer) -Medieval themes -More focus on everyday themes (Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride) -Focus on the peasantry -Renewed focus on Vernacular Literature -William Shakespeare revives Greek Plays -Popular culture: crass themes, appealing to layman -Francis I: Famous patron of Arts (1515-1547) |
|
|
Renaissance Limits |
-Monarchical power becomes stronger -Peasants not touched by Renaissance --> among elite and merchants only -Little women role change --> those who were published were ostracized |
|
|
New Technology in W. Europe |
-Printing Press: spread from China to Europe -Johannes Gutenberg invents best one! -Makes books must cheaper. -Bible sells ALOT : 20 million -higher literacy rates! -Creates mass culture: ppl in a region think in a similar fashion. Creates single culture -Stamps out local individuality |
|
|
Nuclear Families |
- Later marriage - Focus on one/two generations - Smaller, like modern day - People get married in late 20s --> especially men --> married a whole DECADE later |
|
|
Protestant Reformation |
-Lead by Martin Luther - former Catholic priest, wanted to reform Catholic Church -Printing Press can spread ideas quickly -95 Theses: essay criticizing Catholic Church -written in Latin -Anti-Indulgences -Anti-Relics -Justification by Faith alone -Attacks sacriments, only keeps Eucharist and Baptism -Lead to his excommunication --> refused to repent at the Diet of Worms |
|
|
Protestantism in France and England |
France - monarchy and Church = strong - Huguenots = French Protestants, persecuted - John Calvin = fled for safety to Switzerland -> sets up Theocracy @ Geneva -> safe haven but no fun - Predestination: fate already decided England - King Henry VIII wants marriage annulled - Pope refuses --> breaks from church - Creates Anglican Church (C. of England) |
|
|
Catholic Reformation |
Council of Trent: meetings over course of 2 popes - revival of Catholic spirit - outlawed sale of indulgences/relics - priests must be from region **clean up abuses but no change to ideology Jesuits: Catholic Missionaries -aka Society of Jesus; Soldiers for Christ -Militaristic discipline in prepping for missions - Ignatius of Loyola = founder - Brought back 1/2 of Protestant converts |
|
|
End of Christian Unity in the West |
-By 1570s/80s; War = throughout Europe -- Catholic vs Protestant -Edict of Nantes: passed by K of France to protect Huguenots -30 Years War: last/largest religious war -- Peasants v princes, princes v princes, countries v countries -Treaty of Westphalia: ends war of religion -- German princes can choose own religion -- Brings short term stability -English Civil War: parliament v monarchy -- challenges absolutism -- ppl reject absolutism, challenge monarchy -- Puritans v Anglicans -- Largely political war -- King captured & killed, England=republic -Glorious Revolution: bloodless overthrow -- limited monarchy w/ English Bill of Rights Religious Pluralism: more than 1 religion represented in a society. Built tolerance in Europe |
|
|
Absolute & Parliamentary Monarchies |
**Death of Feudal Monarchies Absolute Monarchies - single branch gvnt. -"Divine Right Theory": God empowered a monarch to be Kind from birth to death - Cannot lose divine right! - continued support of Arts -> Baroque period - Mercantilism strong - Built professional standing armies -> Job=to be soldiers, NOT just on call Parliamentary Monarchy: - Monarch rules w/ parliament - Limited by constitution - Other countries hold England as gvt model |
|
|
Challenges to Absolutism |
Social Contract Theory: 1600s-1700s People form relationship w/ gvnt They allow gvnt to do certain things John Locke - we have the right to overthrow the gvnt if it does not hold up its end of the social contract
Nation-State: Country that has group of ppl with common lang and culture |
|
|
Enlightenment |
- Enlightened Absolutism: -- do good for society but via absolutist pwrs -- Fredrick II of Prussia (1st servant of state) --aka enlightened despot - 7 Years War: height of absolutism and mercantilism; afterwards both fall greatly -- 1st real world war - Enlightenment: rejection of absolutism and mercantilism -- Direct outgrowth of Scientific Rev. -- Use reason & logic - Philosophes: put philosophy into action to solve/change society -Physiocrats: Economic philosoph --Adam Smith: Invisible hand -> Laissez-Faire, free market -> "Wealth of Nations" -Denis Diderot: "The Encyclopedia" -- compiled collections of Enlightenment philosphy -- decided whether or not something was enlightened |
|
|
Women in the Enlightenment |
-Often hosted salons -Salons: meeting place to discuss enlightenment philosophy -Mary Wollstonecraft: said women need equality through education |
|
|
Russia's Expansion Under the Early Tsars |
Ivan III "The Great" -skimmed off Mongols -Built personal coalition army w/ other princes to fight the Golden Hoard -By 1462, most of Russia = FREE -Works to build Russian cultural identity -Utilizes Russian Orthodox Church to build nat'l sentiment -Claims he is direct descendant of Rurik - First "tsar" -> symbol of centralization of pwr -> nod to Caesar of Rome --> '3rd Rome' -Focus on Ag. Economy & food shortages Ivan IV "The Terrible" - had violent rages -> killed son, executes nobility - Nobility = Boyars --> didn't get along - Expands Russia - Series of bad harvests --> Time of Troubles -> bad harvest, Little Iceage hits Russia |
|
|
Patterns of Russian Expansion |
- Expand East, towards Central Asia - Cossacks: Russian cowboys. - Expanded into C. Asia, established towns - Claimed land for Russia - Would kill Inuits/Indigenous - Wrote beautiful Russian Folk Music - Built St. Basil's Cathedral - 1561 - Nobility given land grands and serfs to facilitate ag. -- perpetuated serfdom -- had to raise taxes -Multicultural Russia emerges b/c of expansion |
|
|
Rise of the Romanovs |
Romanovs: Family chosen by boyars to help rule Russia after Time of Troubles(1613-1917) Michael Romanov: 1st of Rom. line - Reestablished law/order - Continued Russia's expansionist policy - Gain most of now Ukraine-next to Ottoman Alexis Romanov: - tried to put church under state control - "Old believers" did not agree - Thus, failed. Control increased only a little |
