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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical Conditioning |
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Acquisition |
the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicits a conditioned response |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Generalization |
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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Discrimination |
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Ivan Pavlov |
studied classical conditioning by using dogs |
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Extinction |
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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John Watson |
Little Albert experiment
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Operant Chamber |
a chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking. used for operant conditioning research
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Edward L. Thorndike |
law of effect |
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Operant conditioning |
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Law of Effect |
thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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B.F. Skinner |
developed a "behavioral technology" that revealed principle of behavior control Came up with the skinner box/ operant chamber operant conditioning
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Positive Reinforcement |
add a desirable stimulus ex: money, hugs increasing a behavior |
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Negative Reinforcement |
Remove an aversive stimulus Ex: doing the dishes to avoid mothers nagging buckle your seat belt to stop the beeping increasing a behavior |
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Positive Punishment |
decreasing behavior administer an aversive stimulus ex: spanking, parking ticket
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Negative Punishment |
decreasing behavior withdraw a desirable stimulus ex: taking phone away, time out, revoking drivers license |
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Shaping |
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations |
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Primary Reinforcer |
innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink |
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Conditioned Reinforcer |
a learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer learned through experiences |
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fixed ratio schedule |
reinforces a response after a specific number of responses ex: after you make 300 desks you get your paycheck |
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variable ratio schedule |
reinforces a response after unpredictable number of responses ex: gambling, fishing |
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fixed-interval schedule |
reinforces a response after a certain amount of time has passed ex: having a test on friday so study only on thursday
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variable interval schedule |
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals which produces slow, steady responses ex: pop quiz |
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continuous reinforcement |
reinforces the desired response each time it occurs |
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partial reinforcement |
reinforces a response only part of the time. though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on |
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latent learning |
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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cognitive map |
a mental representation of the layout of ones environment ex: knowing how to get around neighborhood and community |
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intrinsic motivation |
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake i.e. tiger woods |
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extrinsic motivation |
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment or for others |
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albert bandura |
bobo doll study indicated that individuals(children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishment |
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observational learning |
learning by observing others |
