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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Associative Learning
learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Neutral Stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no respons before conditioning
unconditional response(UR)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the uncondtiioned stimulus(US), such as salivation when food is in mouth
Unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that uncondtionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditional response. In operant conditioning the strengethening of a reinforced response
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioning when an uncondtitioned stimulous does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
spontaneous recovery
the reappearence, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination
in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between conditional stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followedby a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
law of effect
thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record animals rate of bar presssing or key pecking
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response..strengthens good response
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
in operant condtioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinofrces a response at unpredictable time intervals
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specifice behavior
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brains mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy