Ap Euro Unit 8 Vocab

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Risogimento

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(1800s)

Political and social movements in Italy that led the Italian states to become unified under the Kingdom of Italy.

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Victor Emmanuel II

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(1820-1878)

First King of Italy from 1861-1878. Fought the Crimean War and the Second and Third Italian Wars of Independence.

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Camillo di Cavour

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(1810-1861)

First Prime Minister of Italy and advocate for Italian unification.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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(1807-1882)

Italian general and politician who fought and commanded many parts of the Italian Wars of Independence.

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William I

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(1797-1888)

First German Emperor and first Head of State of the unified Germany. Achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. He was a conservative.

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German National Association- 1859

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A liberal political organization aimed at created a liberal, parliamentary Lesser Germany that did not include Austria and was led by Prussia.

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Otto von Bismarck

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(1816-1898)

Conservative Prussian statesman who created a series of wars that unified Germany under Prussian leadership while excluding Austria.

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Realpolitik

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A system of politics and diplomacy that is based off of current circumstances rather than ideology, morality, or ethics. Practiced by Otto von Bismarck.

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Schleswig & Holstein

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Northernmost part of the German Confederation but was ruled by Denmark, leading to the Danish War. Austria and Prussia were meant to jointly rule Schleswig & Holstein.

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Battle of Sadowa

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(1866)

The final battle of the Austro-Prussian War, which Prussia won. Allowed the "Lesser Germany" unification plan to be put in place.

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North German Confederation

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A confederation of 22 German states that served as the precursor to a unified Germany.

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Franco-Prussian War

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(1870)

A war between the French Empire and the Prussians/Germany. Prussia wanted to expand Germany, France wanted to keep the balance of power. Germans won, Second French Empire fell, German Empire formed, ended by the Treaty of Frankfurt.

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Francis Joseph

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(1830-1916)

Emperor of Austria. He opposed nationalism and constitutionalism. Lost the Austro-Prussian War, allowing Prussia's plan for a German state to be put into place. Started a series of alliances that led to WWI.

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Ringstrasse

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Street in Vienne displayed bourgeois lifestyle with grandiose buildings, massive Gothic style cityhall.

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Alexander von Bach

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(1813-1893)

Austrian politician best known for creating a system of centralized control in Austria at the beginning of Franz Joseph's reign.

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Dual Monarchy

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A system in which two otherwise completely separate kingdoms are ruled by the same person, have the same foreign policy, and have a shared military. Austria-Hungary was a dual monarchy.

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Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867

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An agreement that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

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Nationality Law of 1868

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A Hungarian law that stated that there could be no differentiation between them except in respect of the official usage of the current languages. Minority languages were abolished.

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Crystal Palace

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Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

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Queen Victoria

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(1819-1901)

Queen of England. Her reign is known as the Victorian era. Under her rule, the British Empire expanded and a constitutional

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Tsar Alexander II

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(1818-1881)

Emperor of Russia.He is most known for freeing the serfs of Russia in 1861. He sold Alaska to the US and was mostly a pacifist.

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Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

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(1819-1861)

Prince of the UK and Queen Victoria's husband. He supported educational reforms, the abolition of slavery, and helped develop Britain's constitutional monarchy.

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Great Expulsion

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The forced removal of the Acadian people (those descended from the French) from their lands in Canada. Part of Britain's military campaign against New France.

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Charles Darwin

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(1809-1882)

English naturalist and scientist. He is known for his theory of evolution, which was revolutionary in biology and science.

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Samuel Smiles

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(1812-1904)

Scottish author and government reformer who advocated for progress that came from new attitudes rather than new laws. His book, "Self-Help", is considered the epitome of Victorian liberalism.

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The Crimean War

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(1853-1856)

A war fought between Russia and alliance of France, Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire. Initially fought over religion, France and Britain helped the Ottomans in order to prevent Russian expansion.

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Sultan Mahmud II

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(1784-1839)

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated into the Decree of Tanzimat.

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Florence Nightingale

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(1820-1910)

English social reformer and nurse. She is famous for her achievements as a nurse during the Crimean War and became an icon of British culture.

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The Peace of Paris

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(1783)

The treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War. Britain ended its First Empire and France sustained heavy financial losses.

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Repeal of Corn Laws 1846

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Allowed Britons to freely trade grain and other goods with people in other countries.

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Respectability

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Morality in England personified by the Queen. It centered on the family and strict rules about public comportment.

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New Model Unions

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Trade unions in the 1850s-60s in Britain for highly skilled workers.

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William Gladstone

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(1809-1898)

Prime Minister of England, he was conservative and then became liberal later on.

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Benjamin Disraeli

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(1804-1881)

British Prime Minister who helped create the Conservative Party.

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Household Suffrage

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In England, the right to vote given to men who owned homes.

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Reform Bill of 1867

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Allowed more urban, working class men to vote.

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Edwin Chadwick

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(1800-1890)

English social reformer who worked to improve sanitation and public health.