Ap Euro Chapter 22/23 Flashcards

Front 1

In establishing the Second Empire, Napoleon III

Back 1

received the overwhelming electoral support of the people.

Front 2

Under the "liberal empire" of Napoleon III in the 1860's

Back 2

trade unions and the right to strike were legalized.

Front 3

Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was

Back 3

a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.

Front 4

In economic matters, Napoleon III

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b. used government resources to stimulate the national economy and industrial growth

Front 5

Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in

Back 5

Mexico

Front 6

In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by an emperor in 1871

Back 6

entirely destroyed the previous European balance of power.

Front 7

The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved

Back 7

Russia's right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine.

Front 8

An overall result of the Crimean War was

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the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification.

Front 9

In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850's looked for leadership from

Back 9

the kingdom of Piedmont.

Front 10

The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was

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Camillo di Cavour.

Front 11

The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was

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Austria.

Front 12

Cavour's key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of

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France

Front 13

The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was

Back 13

Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Front 14

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when

Back 14

Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.

Front 15

Among the key motives prompting England and France to fight Russia in the Crimean War must be counted

Back 15

Britain's great concern over disruption of the existing balance of power

Front 16

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,

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practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.

Front 17

The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by

Back 17

the king's overwhelming executive power.

Front 18

The Zollverein describes

Back 18

the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.

Front 19

As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck

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largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.

Front 20

A result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War was

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the exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation.

Front 21

As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as

Back 21

a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.

Front 22

The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned

Back 22

Bismarck's devious editing of a telegram from King William I.

Front 23

During the Franco-Prussian War

Back 23

the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.

Front 24

As a consequence of her defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to

Back 24

A and C (pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion Francs/give the eastern frontier provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, a loss leaving the French set on revenge.)

Front 25

Prussian leadership of German unification meant that

Back 25

the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.

Front 26

In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in

Back 26

Versailles.

Front 27

The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867

Back 27

created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Front 28

The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

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allowed the Hungarian Magyars and German Austrians to dominate the other ethnic minorities.

Front 29

The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around

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the abolition of serfdom.

Front 30

The Russian zemstvos were

Back 30

local assemblies with regional self-governing powers.

Front 31

The radical organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was

Back 31

the People's Will.

Front 32

The British Liberal responsible for an impressive series of reform acts between 1868 and 1874 was

Back 32

William Gladstone.

Front 33

Among the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867 was

Back 33

a large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties.

Front 34

The American Civil War of 1861-65

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was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.

Front 35

The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels

Back 35

based all historical development on class struggle.

Front 36

Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning

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all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.

Front 37

According to Karl Marx, the final product of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would

Back 37

a classless society.

Front 38

The First International

Back 38

served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.

Front 39

The theoretical discoveries in science in the nineteenth century led to all of the following except

Back 39

a renewal of spiritual belief.

Front 40

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

Back 40

His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival

Front 41

Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man

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argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time

Front 42

Joseph Lister was most noted in medicine for

Back 42

discovering a new disinfectant to eliminate infections during surgery

Front 43

Elizabeth Blackwell

Back 43

became the first formally educated female doctor in America.

Front 44

Auguste Comte was responsible for

Back 44

founding the discipline of sociology.

Front 45

The dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850s and 1860s was

Back 45

realism

Front 46

The leading realist novelist of the nineteenth century was

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Edgar Allan Poe.

Front 47

In addition to examining everyday life, the literary realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in

Back 47

avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.

Front 48

Realist art in the mid-nineteenth-century

Back 48

was interested in the natural environment and in showing scenes from everyday life.

Front 49

The New German School in music emphasized

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highly emotional content.

Front 50

The nineteenth century composer associated with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk was

Back 50

Wagner.

Front 51

At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich pursued the policy of legitimacy, meaning

Back 51

wishing to restore legitimate monarchs on their thrones, preserving traditional institutions and values

Front 52

After Napoleon's defeat, the Quadruple Alliance

Back 52

restored the old Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII

Front 53

The Congress of Vienna

Back 53

created policies that would maintain the European balance of power

Front 54

The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was

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Klemens von Metternich

Front 55

Klemens von Metternich

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believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability

Front 56

Conservatism, the dominant political philosophy following the fall of Napoleon

Back 56

was exemplified by Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, emphasizing the dangers of radical and "rational" political change.

Front 57

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

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sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare

Front 58

The Congress of Vienna was most successful at

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establishing an order that managed to avoid a general European conflict for almost a century

Front 59

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

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British naval power

Front 60

The Greek revolt was successful largely due to

Back 60

European intervention

Front 61

When protestors of high bread prices in England clashed with government authorities, the resulting conflict was known as the

Back 61

Peterloo Massacre

Front 62

By 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the Italian peninsula

Back 62

remained divided into several states subject to the domination of other European powers

Front 63

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the

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Burschenschaften, the student societies of Germany

Front 64

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all of the following except

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dissolved several smaller German states

Front 65

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became

Back 65

became a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals

Front 66

The argument that population must be held in check for any progress to take place was popularized by

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Thomas Malthus

Front 67

Which of the following statements best applies to David Ricardo?

Back 67

He developed the idea of the "iron law of wages."

Front 68

The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by

Back 68

the industrial middle class

Front 69

J.S. Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that

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men and women did not possess different natures

Front 70

Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was

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an emphasis on individual freedom

Front 71

The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe

Back 71

was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers

Front 72

The utopian socialists of the first half of the nineteenth century were best characterized by

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Charles Fourier, who envisioned cooperative communities called "phalansteries."

Front 73

In the July revolution of 1830,

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Louis-Philippe succeeded Charles X as king of the French

Front 74

King Louis-Philippe in France

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cooperated with François Guizot and the Party of Resistance against the Party of Movement

Front 75

The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in

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Belgium

Front 76

The primary driving force in the revolutions of Belgium, Poland, and Italy in 1830 was

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nationalism

Front 77

The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by

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Russia

Front 78

Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?

Back 78

He supported reforms as a means of prevent more radical revolutionary movements

Front 79

The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the

Back 79

upper middle-class

Front 80

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that

Back 80

if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment

Front 81

The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in

Back 81

a new French empire under Louis Napoleon

Front 82

Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France

Back 82

became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects

Front 83

In 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly

Back 83

failed in its attempt to create a united Germany

Front 84

The uprisings in Austria in 1848 resulted in the

Back 84

exile of Metternich

Front 85

Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy,

Back 85

failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849

Front 86

Mazzini's risorgimento

Back 86

failed due to opposition of the French, the Austrians, and the pope

Front 87

Mass white male democracy in the United States was achieved during the presidency of

Back 87

Andrew Jackson

Front 88

Professional civilian police forces known as serjents first appeared in 1829 in

Back 88

France

Front 89

The politician who introduced the legislation that established London's first professional police force was

Back 89

Robert Peel

Front 90

Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward

Back 90

the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies

Front 91

All of the following were characteristics of Romanticism except

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the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar

Front 92

The literary model for early Romantics was

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The Sorrows of the Young Werther, by Goethe

Front 93

The romantic movement can be viewed as a(n)

Back 93

reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason

Front 94

The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was

Back 94

Edgar Allan Poe

Front 95

The most important form of literary expression for the romantics was

Back 95

poetry

Front 96

Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?

Back 96

landscapes and depictions of nature

Front 97

Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by

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Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism

Front 98

In architectural styles, the Romantics were particularly attracted to the

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Gothic

Front 99

The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was

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Turner

Front 100

Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced

Back 100

a Catholic revival especially in Germany