Ap Euro Chapter 22 Ids

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Napoleon III

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the first of a new generation of conservative leaders of France; very opposed to socialism and radicalism. When the Natl. Assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution, be allowed a reelection, and refused to pay off his debt, he used troops to seize control of the government. He restored universal male suffrage and had the French people elect him for a ten year term and was later elected to be emperor of the Second Empire. He believed in using government resources to help the economy, and under him iron production tripled, and hospitals, free medicine, improved social welfare, and better housing were provided.

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Baron Haussman

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director of the vast reconstruction of Paris. Medieval Paris' narrow roads were destroyed and replaced with broad boulevards to make throwing up barricades more difficult and easier for troops to move through the streets in revolts. An underground sewer system was established along with a new public water supply and gaslights.

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Crimean War

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erupts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire when the Russians want the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine when France was already granted the right. Because of this, the Ottomans were forced to refuse, causing Russia to invade Wallachia and Moldavia. Great Britain and France declared war on Russia a year later because they were concerned over the balance of power. In the Treaty of Paris, Russia was forced to give up Bessarabia, the Black Sea was declared neutral, and the 5 great powers all had control of Moldavia and Wallachia. After this war, the Concert of Europe was effectively destroyed. Austria and Russia were now enemies because Austria offered no help. Russia and Great Britain withdrew from European affairs to focus on domestic issues, and Austria had no friends.

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Dardanelles

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vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean; British feared that Russia would try to sieze the strait, enabling the Russians to challenge the British navy in the Mediterranean.

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Sevastopol

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main Russian fortress that fell after a long siege, causing Alexander II to sue for peace.

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Florence Nightingale

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insisted on strict sanitary conditions, which saved many lives on the British army. She also helped make nursing a profession of trained middle class women.

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Piedmont

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northern Italian state; focus of many advocates who saw it as the best hope for Italian unification

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house of Savoy

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The Italian dynasty ruling the independent state of Piedmont- Sardinia. Its head was King Victor Emmanuel II.

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Count Camillo di Cavour

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King Victor Emmanuel II elected him as prime minister. A liberal moderate who wanted constitutional government, he pursued economic expansion in Italy by encouraging the building of roads, canals, and railroads, causing the economy to grow.

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Battles of Magenta and Solferino

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French were responsible for defeating the Austrians in these battles. After these, Napoleon III made peace with Austria without informing Italy and withdrew from the war because it was proving too costly and long.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

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Italian patriot who supported Mazzini and the Young Italy group who raised an army of 1000 Red Shirts as his volunteers and landed in Sicily. He and his army conquered the Two Sicilies and Naples. Cavour was afraid he would move into Rome, so he sent his Piedmontese army into Naples. Not wanting to start a civil war, _________ gave the territories he had conquered to Cavour. The kingdom of Italy was now placed under a centralized government under Piedmont and the house of Savoy (King Victor Emmanuel II).

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Red Shirts

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volunteers of Garibaldi's army; given nickname for their distinctive dress.

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Zollverein

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German customs union formed by Prussia, which eliminated tolls on rivers and roads among its members, helping their economies and simulating trade. All German states but Austria joined, and Prussia was expected to begin the unification of Germany. Prussia then framed a constitution that looked like a constitutional monarchy, with a bicameral legislature, division of voters into classes, ministerial responsibility, and legislative and taxing powers given to Parliament. After King Frederick William IV dies, King William wanted to strengthen the military to keep it a great power, but Parliament rejected the budget, causing William to appoint Otto von Bismarck as prime minister.

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Otto von Bismarck

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appointed prime minister of Prussia by King William I. He was not at all a political gambler and only waged war if his country had the advantage and as a last resort. He resubmitted William's military budget and attempted to appeal to the liberals with his "iron and blood" quote, but again they rejected it. He collected taxes and organized it anyway, however, and blamed the liberals for breaking down the government. He largely ignored Parliament when he ruled, and because they did not want to revolt, Parliament did nothing. Because of the strong opposition to his domestic policy, he pursued an active foreign policy but only would fight one enemy in war and made sure it was diplomatically isolated.

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iron and blood

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quote by Bismarck to attempt to appeal to the liberals in order for them to pass the military budget. "Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided... but by ____ and _____."

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Austro-Prussian War

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Prussia gained the agreement of Russia, France and Italy to remain neutral if war were to break out, promising France territories in the Rhineland. Italy promised Venetia if Prussia won. Prussia's more effective weapons (breach-loading needle gun) and superior railroad network helped them to win. Bismarck did not want to create a hostile enemy with unfair negotiations in the treaty, so Austria only lost Venetia and was excluded from German affairs.

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North German Confederation

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After the Austro-Prussian War, the German states north of Main River organized into this organization controlled by Prussia. While the southern states remained independent, they signed military agreements with Prussia.

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Franco-Prussian War

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After the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia dominated Northern Germany with the establishment of the North German Confederation and Austria was excluded from German affairs. Bismarck realized France would not like having a strong German state nearby, and Napoleon needed a victory abroad to make up for domestic issues. A successful Spanish revolt deposed Queen Isabella II and the throne was then offered to Prince Leopold, a relative of the Prussian king. Knowing that if he came to the throne France would be surrounded by members of the Hohenzollern dynasty, France objected and caused King William I (Prussia) to force relative to withdraw candidacy and demanded an apology and promise to never allow Leopold to be a candidate again. Bismarck received the telegram with the apology and edited it in a way that would insult the French and get them to declare war. When Prussia won, Paris was under German control and France had to pay an indemnity as well as give up Alsace and Lorraine. The Southern German states agreed to join the North German Confederation.

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Sedan

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French forces and Napoleon III were captured here during the Franco-Prussian War.

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Second German Empire

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After the Franco-Prussian War, William was proclaimed the kaiser/emperor of this in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.

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Ausgleich

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aka Compromise of 1867. Created dual monarchy of Austria-Prussia, and each part of the empire had their own constitution, government machines for domestic affairs and capital. Hungarians became independent nation in domestic affairs, but the _________ did not satisfy the other nationalities. The dual monarchy let Austrians and Hungarian Maygars dominate the minorities, especially the Slavs.

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dual monarchy

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set up with Ausgliech; each part of the Austria-Prussia empire had their own constitution, government machines for domestic affairs, and capital

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Tsar Alexander II and serfs

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issued an emancipation edict in Russia and allowed peasants to own property as well as the rights to be free to marry and bring suits in law courts. The government as a result had to buy land from landowners to offer to the peasants (and often kept the best land for themselves). Peasants did not have enough good land to support themselves. The peasants were not completely free either, as the state made up for the land they gave to the peasants and they were expected to pay the state back, subjecting them to mirs (village communes) to make sure they were paid back.

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zemstvos

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reform under Alexander II; local assemblies that gave a moderate amount of self government. Representatives were elected

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The People's Will

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group of radicals who wished to overthrow Alexander II and succeeded in his assassination. The group's actions caused his son Alexander III to turn away from reform and go back to the traditional ways of repression.

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Queen Victoria

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reign from 1837-1901 was the longest in English history. Her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age, which has ever been known as th Victorian age. British feeling of national pride.

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Reform Act of 1867

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This act, issued by Benjamin Disraeli (leader of the Tories) lowered the amount of taxes one had to pay or the amount of income one had to make if you wanted to vote. Enfranchised many male workers in the city. Meant to benefit the conservatives, but instead benefitted the Liberals.

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Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone

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1. leader of the Tories in British Parliament. Wanted to win over the new businesses to the conservative party and passed the Reform Act of 1867.2. leader of the Whigs in the British Parliament. Rivalry between himself and #1 caused the rivalry between conservatives and liberals to become a normal part of Parliamentary life.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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allowed slavery in Kansas and Nebraska to be voted on democratically and eventually resulted in the formation of a new party (Republicans)

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Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

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a speech made on January 1, 1863; made most of the nations slaves ' forever free'.

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Dominion of Canada

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Treaty of Paris gave British control of Canada, and an immigration of Canadians to Great Britain fueled a desire for self government. Many groups rose in rebellion, which were easily crushed. GB met some of their demands as they were scared they would model after the American Civil War and wanted to decrease the costs of maintaining colonies. Parliament established this with its own constitution, now allowing Canada to rule itself while still under control of the British government.

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Karl Marx

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German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). Came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other.

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The Communist Manifesto

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written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; said that human societies have always been in warring class; put the middle class as "haves" and the working class as "have-nots"; said that IR had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor, predicting that the workers would overthrow the owners; inspired revolutionaries to adapt Marx's beliefs to their own situations

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Hegel's dialectic

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This idea was used in the Manifesto. Everything evolves and all change in history is a result of two antagonistic elements clashing. Marx disagreed with this idea, believing that history was determined by material forces (not by the emergence of new ideas as this idea stated).

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First International

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Also known as the International Working Men's Association, it was formed by British and French unionists and served as an umbrella organization for working class interests. Marx was the dominant figure on its General Council, but dissent within the ranks caused the organization to fall apart.

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bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

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In the Manifesto, Marx and Engels argued that the _____________ had not completely triumphed over the lower parts of society. They had always been the antagonists in the class struggle but now faced the industrial working class, the _____________. The struggle between these two classes was their main evidence for their belief that a classless society would later be established and the state would wither away, leading to the end of class struggles.

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Louis Pasteur

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germ theory of disease; pasteurization

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Dmitri Mendeleyev

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classified all elements in the modern periodic table

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Michael Faraday

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discovers electromagnetic induction

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Charles Darwin

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author of On the Origin of Species and theorist behind natural selection

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On the Origin of Species

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Charles Darwin's book that spoke about the application of his concept of natural selection only to plants and animals.

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"survival of the fit"

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the idea in natural selection that the organisms who were naturally selected for survival would survive and pass on the variations that allowed them to live until a separate species came into being. Those who did not have the trait died off and became extinct.

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Elizabeth Blackwell

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Although she had been admitted to the Geneva College of Medicine in New York by mistake, her perseverance and intelligence won her the respect of her fellow male students; she received eventually established a clinic in New York City. She caused Parliament to pass a bill allowing women to take qualifying exams and caused women to start attending women's medical colleges.

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Joseph Lister

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discovered antiseptic principle with his use of carbolic acid to keep post-surgical infections from being deadly.

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Auguste Comte and "positive knowledge"

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wrote System of Positive Philosophy; believed that the discovery of general laws of society had to be based on data of humans and the environment.

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Realism

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rejection of Romanticism; movement in art and literature that focused on the ordinary characteristics of *real* life rather than Romantic heroes in strange settings.

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Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary

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focused on Emma Bovary, married to a drab doctor, who pursued affairs because of her ideas of Romantic love. The book showed his contempt for bourgeois society.

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Charles Dickens

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His novels focused on lower and middle class industrialists becoming successful and his descriptions of the poor and brutal lives of many were very realistic.

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Gustave Courbet and The Stonebreakers

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coined the term realism with this painting. This painting depicts two miserable workers with tattered clothes breaking stones to build a road. "I have never seen angels or goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them,". No subject was too ordinary, harsh or ugly to interest him.

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Franz Liszt

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called the greatest pianist of all time and introduced to concept of a modern piano recital. Referred to his works as symphonic poems that were based on literary or pictoral ideas. Romantic music reached a peak under him.

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Richard Wagner and Gesamkuntswerk

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believed that opera was the best form of artistic expression and transformed opera into a "music drama" with his most famous work, ___________________. Used leitmotiv, where the human voice would blend with the orchestra instead of overpower it.