A&p Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the function of the body parts

Front 3

Gross anatomy

Back 3

The study of structure is large enough to be seen with the naked eye

Hint 3

Macroscopic

Front 4

Regional anatomy

Back 4

Study of all body structures in a given body region

Front 5

Systemic anatomy

Back 5

Study of all structures in a body system

Front 6

Surface anatomy

Back 6

Study of all internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Front 7

Microscopic anatomy

Back 7

Study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

Front 8

Cytology

Back 8

Study of individual cells

Front 9

Histology

Back 9

Study of tissues

Front 10

Developmental anatomy

Back 10

Study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime

Front 11

Embryology

Back 11

Focuses on development that occurs before birth

Front 12

Pathological anatomy

Back 12

Study of structural changes associated with disease

Hint 12

Specialized branches of anatomy

Front 13

Radiographic anatomy

Back 13

Study of internal structures using specialized visualization techniques

Front 14

Molecular biology

Back 14

Study of biological molecules

Front 15

Topics of physiology

Back 15

There are several subdivisions of physiology, most of which consider the function of a specific organ system, and often focus on cellular and molecular events

Front 16

Complementarity of structure and function

Back 16

The principle of complementarity of structure and function is based on the fact that what a structure can do is related to its form

Front 17

The body’s levels of organization

Back 17

Chemical levels

cellular level

Tissue levels

organ level

organ system level

organismal level

Front 18

Chemical level

Back 18

The simplest level of organization

Hint 18

Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules. Molecules combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living cells.

Front 19

Cellular level

Back 19

Smallest unit of life, and varies widely in size and shape according to the cells function

Front 20

Tissue level

Back 20

Groups of cells having a common function

Front 21

Organ level

Back 21

Made up of discrete structures that are composed of at least two groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body

Front 22

Organ system level

Back 22

Group of organs that work closely together to accomplish a specific purpose

Front 23

Organismal level

Back 23

The total of all structures working together to promote life

Front 24

Organ systems

Back 24

Integumentary system

skeletal system

muscular system

nervous system

endocrine system

cardiovascular system

Lymphatic and immune system

respiratory system

digestive system

urinary system

reproductive system

Front 25

Integumentary system

Back 25

Hair, skin, nails that protect the deeper tissues of the body

Front 26

Skeletal system

Back 26

Bones protect and support organs, attach muscles, and provide for blood cell formation

Front 27

Muscular system

Back 27

Allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

Front 28

Nervous system

Back 28

Control system that response to internal and external changes, activating the appropriate response

Front 29

Endocrine system

Back 29

Sources of hormones that regulate the processes of the body

Front 30

Cardiovascular system

Back 30

The heart and blood vessels work together to transport blood, containing oxygen, nutrients, and other substances, throughout the body

Front 31

Lymphatic and immune systems

Back 31

Circulates excess fluid to blood, remove debris, houses cells of the immune system, which protect the body from disease and damage

Front 32

Respiratory system

Back 32

Provides airflow to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the atmosphere

Front 33

Digestive system

Back 33

Breaks down food into molecules that can be absorbed into the body, stores and eliminates wastes

Front 34

Urinary system

Back 34

Eliminates nitrogenous waste, and regulates water and ion balance.

Front 35

Reproductive system

Back 35

Produces sex hormones and gametes for the production of offspring, female provides support for the developing fetus

Front 36

Maintaining boundaries

Back 36

Allows an organism to maintain separate internal and external environments or separate internal chemical environment

Front 37

Movement

Back 37

Allows the organism to travel through the environment, and allows transport of molecules within the organism

Front 38

Responsiveness or irritability

Back 38

The ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and respond to them

Front 39

Digestion

Back 39

The process of breaking down food into molecules that are usable by the body

Front 40

Metabolism

Back 40

Includes all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Front 41

Excretion

Back 41

Process of removing wastes

Front 42

Reproduction

Back 42

Process of producing more cells or organisms

Front 43

Growth

Back 43

An increase in size in body parts or the whole organism

Front 44

Nutrients

Back 44

Consumed chemical substances that are used for energy from foods

Front 45

Oxygen

Back 45

Required by the chemical reactions that release energy from foods

Front 46

Water

Back 46

The most abundant chemical substance in the body, provides an environment for chemical reactions and a fluid medium for secretions and excretion

Hint 46

Makes up ~70% of the human body

Front 47

Normal body temperature

Back 47

Required for the chemical reactions of the body to occur at the proper rate

Front 48

Atmospheric pressure

Back 48

Must be within an appropriate range so that proper gas exchange occurs in the lungs

Front 49

Homeostasis

Back 49

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of the environmental changes

Front 50

Homeostatic control

Back 50

Homeostasis is controlled through communication systems involving various components

Front 51

Variable

Back 51

The regulated factor or event

Front 52

Receptors

Back 52

Monitors changes in the environment and sends some kind of signal to a control center

Front 53

Control center

Back 53

Structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input, and coordinates an appropriate response by signaling an effector

Front 54

Effector

Back 54

A structure that carries out the response directed by the control center

Front 55

Response from the effector feedback to either reduce or amplify the effect of the ________

Back 55

Stimulus

Front 56

Negative feedback mechanism

Back 56

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms that reduce or stop the effect of the stimulus, preventing severe changes within the body.

Front 57

Positive feedback mechanism

Back 57

Enhances the effects of the stimulus, resulting in an amplifying effect of the stimulus, creating cascades that are used to control events that do not require continuous adjustment

Front 58

Homeostatic imbalances

Back 58

Often result in disease