A&p 1 Chapter 1 & 2 Test

Front 1

Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.

Back 1

Anatomy is structure or form; physiology is function; physiology depends on anatomy.

Front 2

Describesome methods of examining a living person.

Back 2

inspection - looking at the surface

dissection - cutting and separating of tissue palpation - feeling structures with fingertips (pulse and lymph nodes)

auscultation - listening to natural sounds of the body (heart, lungs)

percussion - tapping on body to listen to the sound of abnormalities

Front 3

List essential life functions

Back 3

Organization

Cells

Metabolism

Growth

Development

Excitability

Homeostasis

Reproduction

Front 4

Define homeostasis. Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.

Back 4

The ability to maintain internal stability. The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment and the loss of homeostatic control tends to cause illness or death.

Front 5

Negative feedback

Back 5

process in which the body senses change and creates mechanisms to reverse it

- maintaining the room temperature

- maintaining your body temperature (shivering when cold, or sweating when hot)

Front 6

Positive feedback

Back 6

normal way of producing rapid change is a self-amplifying cycle in which physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction.

Front 7

List the levels of human structure and the characteristics of each and rank from largest to smallest

Back 7

Organism – composed oforgan systems – singly complete individual

Organ system – composed of organs – group of organs that carry about a basic function· Organ - composed of tissue – two or more tissue that work together to carry out a basic function

Tissue – mass of cells that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Cells – smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life. Nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. Organelles – microscopic structures carry out a cells individual function

Molecules – organelles and other cellular components

Atoms – molecules composed of at least two atoms (particle).

Front 8

Describe the anatomical position. Explain the importance of this position.

Back 8

a person standing upright, feet flat on the floor, arms at side lengths with palms facing observer.

– to be able to describe areas of the body and what position.

Front 9

Define and explain anatomical planes of the body. Differentiate the mid-sagittal plane from other sagittal planes.

Back 9

Anatomical planes – many views of the body; sagittal plane: extends vertically and divides the body into right and left portions. The median sagittal plane – passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves. Transverse – horizontal upper and lower portions ( MRI CT Scan)

Frontal - extends vertically, but is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back).

Front 10

Identify and describe the 4 abdominal quadrants and the 9 abdominal regions.

Back 10

Abdominal quadrants- right upper quad, left upper quad, right lower, left lower Abdominal regions - Right hypochondriac region – liver and gall bladder

Left hypochondriac region - 10th rib

Right lumbar region – ascending large intestine

Left lumbar region – descending large intestine

Right Inguinal region / Left Inguinal region

Epigastric region - stomach

Umbilical region – transverse colon large intestine / small intestine

Hypogastric region – urinary bladder

Front 11

Identify external body regions.

Back 11

Front 12

Describe their relative locations to each other using directional terminology.

Back 12

Front 13

Identify the locations of the major body cavities

Back 13

Front 14

Describe the diaphragm. Which cavities does it separate?

Back 14

Diaphragm – muscular sheet in the thoracic cavity, that seperates the thoracic cavity above and abdominopelvic cavity below

Front 15

Describe the peritoneum. Differentiate between the parietal and visceral peritoneum.

Back 15

Parietal is always further from the organ where visceral is always the closest. The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall of the abdominal cavity.

* Side note - Peritoneum –abdominopelvic cavity – serous membrane

Front 16

Identify prefixes, roots, and suffixes

Back 16

At least one root (stem) that bears the core meaning of the word.

A prefix may be present at the beginning of a word to modify its core meaning

A prefix may be present at the beginning of a word to modify its core meaning

Front 17

Singular / Plural forms

Back 17

Front 18

Directional Terms in Human Anatomy

Back 18

Front 19

Define element

Back 19

A chemical element is the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties.

Front 20

Recognize elements of the human body from their chemical symbols

Back 20

Front 21

Describe atomic structure

Back 21

The make-up of each chemical element. Consist of a unique atom; which consist of; nucleus, composted of positive charged protons, and uncharged neutrons.

Front 22

Distinguish between chemical elements and compounds.

Back 22

A chemical element is the simplest form of matter that can be broken down into unique chemical properties. (water – broken down into hydrogen and oxygen) A chemical bond (compounds) – Molecules composed of two or more different elements are called compounds.

Front 23

Define isotope

Back 23

An atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of an element but has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.

Front 24

Distinguish between ions, electrolytes, and free radicals

Back 24

IONS – charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. ELECTROLYTES – are salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of producing electricity. FREE RADICALS – are chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.

Front 25

Ionization

Back 25

Attraction of these two oppositely charged ions to each other then constitutes an ionic bond.

Front 26

As you learn the common atoms and molecules in the body, learn their charges

Back 26

Front 27

Define the types of chemical bonds.

Back 27

Another type of bond is covalent where 2 or more atoms actually share electrons trying to stabilize their outermost shell.

If the atoms sharing the electrons are the same size, they share the electrons equally and those bonds are non-polar covalent bonds

This unequally shared bond is called a polar

the hydrogen is slightly positive and the larger atom is slightly negative. That takes us to the 3rd type of bonding, hydrogen bonds covalent bond.

Front 28

List the biologically important properties of water. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Back 28

Water is natures most versatile solvent, meaning that water is capable of having more solutes(substances) dissolve in water than any other liquid. Which is why water in our body is able to carry and dissolve most substances through our blood stream

Particles that are water-soluble (dissolve in water) are hydrophilic. Fat-soluble molecules do not dissolve in water and are hydrophobic.

Front 29

Define mixture and distinguish between three types of mixtures

Back 29

MIXTURE – consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined. TYPES OF MIXTURES: Solution – is transparent. Dissolves

Colloid – cloudy, larger mixture of larger particles

Suspensions – mixture of particles larger than 100nm

Front 30

Define acid and base and interpret the pH scale.

Back 30

Neutral is 7.0. Below 7.0 is acidic, above 7.0 is alkaline. ACID – is any proton donor, a molecule that releases a proton (H+) in water.

BASE – is a proton acceptor

PH Scale – Measures acid (the proton H+)

Front 31

Discuss the relevance of polymers and macromolecules to biology, and explain how they are formed and broken by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Define polymer and monomer.

Back 31

Dehydration synthesis (making a larger molecule) requires energy input (ATP). Hydrolysis (breaking a molecule into two smaller molecules) releases energy (ATP). The body uses dehydration synthesis to make the substances it needs. The body uses hydrolysis to provide the energy needed to perform dehydration synthesis. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). POLYMER – Most macromolecules; larger biological molecules, like starch consist of repeating subunits. MONOMER – molecules made up of repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

Front 32

Define carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid. Describe the structural properties that distinguish carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from each other.

Back 32

CARBOHYDRATE – source of energy that can be quickly mobilized

LIPIDS – Fats and oils

PROTEIN – polymer of amino acids; nucleic acid

(study handouts)

Front 33

Define peptide and denaturation.

Back 33

PEPTIDE – amino acids linked together by dehydration synthesis form peptides DENATURATION – change with loss of function

Front 34

Explain how enzymes function. Define substrate and active site.

Back 34

Enzymes function – proteins that function as biological catalyst chemical that enables any other chemical reaction to go faster. SUBSTRATE – defines the substance that enzymes acts on ACTIVE Site – enzyme has surface pockets called active sites.

Front 35

Describe the structure, production, and function of ATP.

Back 35

ATP is an energy transfer molecule, not an energy storage molecule. Energy for physiological process (metabolism) is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins). Adenosine Triphosphate – functions as the bodies most important energy transfer molecule.

Front 36

Define energy, potential energy and kinetic energy

Back 36

Energy – capacity to do work, move matter or change its structure.

Potential Energy – is stored energy, energy that is not doing work

Kinetic energy – energy of motion or change

Front 37

Define metabolism and its two subdivisions.

Back 37

Catabolism is breaking down (making smaller molecules) to release energy. Anabolism is building (making larger molecules) to store energy.