Anthropology Exam 4

Front 1

A belief in multilinear evolution implies Eurocentric or racist assumptions:

Back 1

False

Front 2

The best metaphor to use in describing a wide variety of cultural systems and the way they developed is that of a branching tree:

Back 2

True

Front 3

Big Men are charismatic leaders, clever entrepreneurs, who demand a loyalty that is often transitory, generally lasting but one generation.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Relationships between people and the land were closely linked to kin groups and kin ancestors:

Back 4

True

Front 5

Kinship is unimportant in institutions of hereditary clans and lineages:

Back 5

False

Front 6

Individuals who controlled exchange networks or supplies of key necessities and luxuries became natural leaders of newly complex village communities:

Back 6

True

Front 7

Village leaders were rarely shamans because their extraordinary supernatural powers made them suspect:

Back 7

False

Front 8

The political systems of these early permanent settlements were rarely volatile because of the continuity in leadership and the acceptance of cultural tradition:

Back 8

False

Front 9

Evidence for egalitarianism among early farmers includes uniform grave goods:

Back 9

True

Front 10

Unlike other areas, agricultural surpluses were not necessary to sustain powerful Polynesian chiefdoms – only maritime resources were required:

Back 10

False

Front 11

Polynesian chiefs acquired power and prestige by controlling and redistributing wealth and food supplies:

Back 11

True

Front 12

Growing out of large sweet potato surpluses, which created wealth and social complexity, and then intense competition and war, the Maori people eventually made institutionalized warfare a key element of their society:

Back 12

True

Front 13

Maize, beans, and squash agriculture came into the southwest from Mexico:

Back 13

True

Front 14

The Hokoham people were desert farmers in the southwest who used irrigations and caches of rainwater runoff to grow their crops:

Back 14

True

Front 15

The Mogollan and Ancestral Pueblo people of the desert Southwest usually irrigated their crops, rarely relying on direct rainfall:

Back 15

False

Front 16

Dendrochronology is only used to determine time in the American Southwest:

Back 16

False

Front 17

The Adena believed in burying everyone in log-lined tombs, smearing their corpses with red ocher and graphite, and placing goods in each grave:

Back 17

False

Front 18

The great mounds and plazas of Cahokia dominated the landscape for miles, even as their leaders dominated trade across a wide area:

Back 18

True

Front 19

The center of the Hopewell culture was _______________:

Back 19

Mound City

Front 20

Diverse environmental and cultural circumstances produce:

Back 20

A very wide range of social complexity

Front 21

Social and political change in farming communities developed from:

Back 21

The need to live in small sedentary settlements, close to land

Front 22

A critical factor of chiefdoms is:

Back 22

Reciprocal obligation

Front 23

Village leaders were expected to _______________ their followers:

Back 23

Reward

Front 24

In communities where “Big Men” ruled, leadership was:

Back 24

Transitory

Front 25

Pacific navigators passed knowledge from generation to generation by:

Back 25

Word of mouth

Front 26

Prerequisites for long ocean journeys included:

Back 26

Root vegetables, small transportable animals, and seaworthy sailing craft

Front 27

The institutionalization or warfare in Maori New Zealand is thought to relate to the introduction of _________________ after 1400 A.D. which generated agricultural surpluses overpopulation, and warlike competition:

Back 27

Sweet potatoes

Front 28

Chaco canyon was an important ceremonial center for the _________________ people:

Back 28

Ancestral Pueblo

Front 29

A prolonged drought in the American Southwest took place in the last quarter of the _____________________ century:

Back 29

12th

Front 30

The earliest North American culture to build extensive earthworks was the _______________ culture:

Back 30

Adena

Front 31

The center of the Hopewell culture was:

Back 31

Mound City

Front 32

The ceremonial complex of mounds and plazas in Cahokia covered more than _______________ hectares:

Back 32

80

Front 33

Maize and beans comprised as much as _______________ % of the diet of the people of Moundville around 1250 A.D.

Back 33

40

Front 34

The housing complexes of the Ancestral Pueblo could hold no more than:

Back 34

1000-2500 people

Front 35

Pre-industrialized state societies can be identified by:

Back 35

Core characteristics and monumental architecture

Front 36

Areas of early state formation included:

Back 36

Nile valley, Mesopotamia, and regions of China

Front 37

The Andean Incas used _______________ for their formal record keeping:

Back 37

Knotted strings

Front 38

In the ancient world, cities could have populations as small as _______________ people:

Back 38

2000-3000

Front 39

Cities provided ________________ to hinterland and in return received _______________:

Back 39

Specialized services, food

Front 40

The social complexity of a city can be grasped once one realizes its inhabitants included the young, the hold, the poor, the rich, men, women, _______________, _______________, and _______________:

Back 40

Specialized craftsmen, laborers and a ruling elite

Front 41

In cities, centralized institutions have the _______________ to insure public safety and regulate internal affairs:

Back 41

Authority

Front 42

An essential element of Childe’s Urban Revolution theory was technology and the development of _______________:

Back 42

Craft specialization

Front 43

Individuals who believed irrigation was a catalyst for the organizations of state societies cited evidence from Egypt, Mesopotamia, _______________ and _______________:

Back 43

China and India

Front 44

Robert Cameiro’s theory of state formation on the Peruvian coast gave _______________ a key role:

Back 44

Warfare

Front 45

Wilson’s work on _______________ sites showed the over simplification of models for the origin of state civilizations based on endemic warfare.

Back 45

Peruvian

Front 46

The most striking difference between states and non-state societies is not their _______________:

Back 46

Decision making procedures

Front 47

In Kent Flannery’s view, states were _______________ whose internal differentiation and the intricacy of its subsystems were a measure of its complexity.

Back 47

Complicated living systems

Front 48

William Sanders suggests that _______________ were decisive in areas where civilization began.

Back 48

Environmental factors

Front 49

Mesopotamia and Maya territory can be defined in _______________ terms, not in political terms since they were never politically unified.

Back 49

Ideological

Front 50

From an ideological perspective, Mayan cities like Copán and Tikal can be thought of possessing sacred _______________:

Back 50

Symbolic landscapes

Front 51

Competing views or _______________ is an accompaniment to any dominant ideology:

Back 51

Factionalism

Front 52

Colin Renfrew’s concept of _______________ is a step in the analysis of intangible facets of past cultures.

Back 52

Archaeology of the mind

Front 53

Moche, Egyptian, Babylonian, or Mayan _______________ are visual reminders of a state’s ideology, reinforcing the power of supreme rulers and their special relationships to the gods and the spiritual world.

Back 53

Art styles

Front 54

Joseph Tainter suggest that the collapse of civilizations should be considered _______________:

Back 54

An economizing process

Front 55

Trade requires two things:

Back 55

Goods and people

Front 56

One aspect of trade accompanying the development of the state was:

Back 56

A change from redistribution of to market economy trade

Front 57

Archaeologists often refer to trade as:

Back 57

Exchange

Front 58

Redistribution is controlled by:

Back 58

Chiefs, religious leaders, or kin groups

Front 59

The far flung market economy of Minoan civilization:

Back 59

Consisted primarily of impersonal trade

Front 60

State-organized societies invariably include and urban component:

Back 60

True

Front 61

Rulers in state societies served only to collect tribute and taxation:

Back 61

False

Front 62

Both large scale irrigation and extensive long distance trade are a result of civilization:

Back 62

True

Front 63

New data shows that small communities were fully capable of carrying out small-scale irrigation projects without state supervision or subsidies:

Back 63

True

Front 64

The evidence suggests that Gordon Childe’s inclusion of metallurgy as an important part of urbanization was correct:

Back 64

False

Front 65

Institutional warfare was one of the causes of civilization:

Back 65

False

Front 66

In contrast to state societies, cities usually have a high archaeology visibility:

Back 66

True

Front 67

The settlement pattern of cities in all pre-industrialized societies was essentially the same:

Back 67

False

Front 68

Archaeologists use a basic set of traits to distinguish pre-industrial cities:

Back 68

True

Front 69

The role of kin is the same in an agricultural town as it is in a pre-industrialized city:

Back 69

False

Front 70

Writing was important for literature and creative fiction in early cities:

Back 70

False

Front 71

Egyptian and Andean states both possessed a broad subsistence base and locally diverse environmental conditions within their territorial bounds:

Back 71

True

Front 72

Environmental factors were major players in the complex process of cultural change and response that gave rise to state organized societies:

Back 72

True

Front 73

In a chiefdom, social inequality arises within the kin system, whereas in the state, inequality derives from access to resources and the power this access conveys:

Back 73

True

Front 74

Ancient ideologies were not as complex as modern ideologies:

Back 74

False

Front 75

Mesopotamia has/had an environment that made farming easy:

Back 75

False

Front 76

The Mesopotamian “Epic of Gilgamesh,” a masterpiece of heroic quest, is still performed on stage today:

Back 76

True

Front 77

Throughout Mesopotamia, newly urbanized elites used lavish display and exotic luxuries as a means to affirm or reaffirm that prestige, status and authority:

Back 77

True

Front 78

Reliable, long-term interdependency became a vital factor in the survival of the Southwest Asian states by 3000 B.C.

Back 78

True

Front 79

The Sumerians, unfortunately, did not realize the importance of controlling the source of raw materials along with trade:

Back 79

False

Front 80

Sargon used commercial ventures and military conquest as a mean to obtain power, but a lack of proper administration governance lessened the duration of the Akkadian kingdom:

Back 80

True

Front 81

By the time the Hittites rose to power, an economic interdependency characterized the region – one that persisted despite the waxing and waning of power in initial city-states:

Back 81

True

Front 82

The alliance between Ugarit and the Hittites was vital, for it gave the latter access to one resource they lacked – a fleet of maritime ships:

Back 82

True

Front 83

These things were characteristic of Mesopotamian civilization: poorly organized trade, military conquests, efficient administration, and payment of tribute:

Back 83

False

Front 84

During the period after the Sea Peoples reign of power ceased, the state of Israel arose (c. 1000 B.C.):

Back 84

True

Front 85

The control the Sumerian city states eventually held (c. 2400 B.C.) over the trade routes linking Mesopotamia, Turkey, and the Levant, was:

Back 85

Illusory

Front 86

Men worked in _______________ groups to clear silt from clogged river ways and to build irrigation canals:

Back 86

Communal

Front 87

Sumerian writing consisted of:

Back 87

1.) Commercial and legal records
2.) Property
3.) Proverbs

Front 88

Components of the settlement pattern of Uruk would include an aggregation of mud houses, courtyards, storehouses, _______________, and _______________:

Back 88

Alleyways, ziggurats

Front 89

Like most Mesopotamian empires, Uruk was both a _______________ ruler:

Back 89

Secular and religious

Front 90

Uruk’s ruler worked closely with a hierarchy of priests and minor officials because he was:

Back 90

A secular/sacred personage

Front 91

It is likely that Uruk was divided into:

Back 91

Quarters

Front 92

Bronze technology produced tougher edged, more durable _______________:

Back 92

Tools

Front 93

Mesopotamian city-states were places for _______________ and _______________ strife by 2800 B.C. Thus they rose to power and prosperity and also sank into obscurity.

Back 93

Economic, Social

Front 94

Excavations of royal cemeteries reveal that courtiers were sacrificed to accompany their rulers into the next life by:

Back 94

Poison

Front 95

It is possible to grasp some of the _______________ dimensions of daily life among Sumerians by analyzing the positions of bodies in royal cemeteries, the grave goods, the deceased’s regalia, and the cause of death.

Back 95

Ideological

Front 96

The control the Sumerian city states eventually held (c. 2400 B.C.) over the trade routes linking Mesopotamia, Turkey, and the Levant, was:

Back 96

Illusory

Front 97

The wealth of Mycenae is visible in grave goods that include artifacts of:

Back 97

Gold, silver, and copper

Front 98

The Akkadian kingdom collapsed because of:

Back 98

A 300 year drought

Front 99

The three powerful island kingdoms that fought for control of the Eastern Mediterranean coast included:

Back 99

Haiti, Mitanni and Egypt

Front 100

Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey” comprise a set of text describing:

Back 100

Mycenaean culture

Front 101

The different domains of culture – economic, political, and ideological – merged in the Palace of Minos on Crete, for it was a storehouse and a workshop for the maritime _______________ and _______________:

Back 101

Shrine, Royal Residence

Front 102

Mycenaean chieftains were _______________ in the metal trade that flowed through the Eastern Mediterranean:

Back 102

Middlemen

Front 103

Mycenae had monumental architecture that impressed, but its features were designed more for _______________ than lavish display.

Back 103

Storage and defense

Front 104

The epitome of conspicuous _______________ in this era was probably the 10 day party King Assumasirpal gave for 69,000 people who ate 14,000 sheep and drank more than 10,000 skins of wine.

Back 104

Display

Front 105

Nebuchadnezzar created a sacred and secular _______________ when he built huge, mud-brick palaces, hanging gardens, a huge ziggurat, and a magnificent processional way. The immensity of this can never be realized when viewing a solitary Babylonian artifact for, in essence, his city was an entire showplace designed to display his wealth, power, and prestige.

Back 105

Landscape