Anatomy Saladin Histology

Front 1

an example of a connective tissue that is COMPLETELY avascular:

Back 1

Cartilige

Front 2

These cells change shape from cuboidal to flat and back to cuboidal. This allows organs to stretch to larger sizes and return. ie - the bladder

Back 2

Transitional Cells

Front 3

What glands are both Endocrine and Exocrine?

Back 3

pancreas, testis, ovary and the kidney.

Front 4

What are the 5 important types of cell junctions?

Back 4

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junctions.

Front 5

What are the three functions of cell junctions?

Back 5

1.form a tight seal between cells
2.anchor cells to one another or to extracellular material
3.provide channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue

Front 6

What Connective Tissuse Cell stores Triglycerides?

Back 6

adipocytes

Front 7

functions by attaching to and supporting the overlying epithelial tissue.

a thin layer of glycoproteins, collagen, glycosaminoglycans beneath the deepest cells of an epithelium, serving to bind the epithelium to the underlying tissue.

Back 7

Basement Membrane

Front 8

This tissue lines the body's hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.

Back 8

Epithelial Tissue

Front 9

What kinda of connective tissues are tendons composed of?

Back 9

dense regular connective tissue

Front 10

the most abundant cartilage in the body. However is it also the weakest of the cartilages.

Back 10

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 11

the cells of fibrous connective tissue include: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes. Also included in our class notes are chondroblasts and osteoblasts.

Back 11

The 3 types of protein fibers found in fibrous connective tissues are: collagenous, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.

Front 12

a dehydrated fibrous protein that protects the skin and underlying tissues from heat, micobes and chemicals.

Back 12

Keratin

Front 13

1. Protects and support the body and its organs
2. Binds organs together
3. Stores excess energy as fat
4. Provides immunity to disease-causing organisms

Back 13

The Four Origins of Connective Tissue

Front 14

The two basic types of Epithial Tissue

Back 14

The two basic types of covering and LINING epithelium and GLANDULAR epithelium

Front 15

hold together the layers of cells in the epithelial tissue, allowing very little or no intercellular space between adjacent cells.

Back 15

Cell Junctions

Front 16

single layer of epithelial cells

Back 16

Simple Epithelium:

Front 17

A single layer that looks like multiple layers because the nuclei are at different layers and not all cells reach the apical surface

Back 17

Pseudostratified Epithelium:

Front 18

2 or more layers protecting underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear

Back 18

Stratified Epithelium

Front 19

These glands secrete hormones that enter the interstitial fluid and diffuse into the bloodstream without first going through a duct.

The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are endocrine glands

Back 19

Endocrine

Front 20

These glands secrete substances into a duct that empty onto skin surfaces or lumens.
Examples are sweat, salivary, mucus, earwax, etc

Back 20

Exocrine

Front 21

there are three types of FIBERS embedded in the matrix between the cells.

_________ very strong and resist pulling forces

Back 21

Collagen Fibers

Front 22

_______________Strong, but can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking and then return to normal.

Back 22

Elastic Fibers

Front 23

___________ Thinner than collagen fibers, also made of a network of collagen proteins

Back 23

Reticular Fibers

Front 24

consists of the parietal layer which is attached to the cavity wall and the visceral layer that lines and attaches to organs inside the cavity.

Back 24

Serosa

Front 25

Connective tissue is made up of:

Back 25

A. Cells
B. Fibers
C. Ground substance
D. Matrix

Front 26

In the gastric glands of the stomach, the secretory portion is tubular and branched. The secretion is released into a single, unbranched duct known as

Back 26

Simple branched tubular

Front 27

The production and release of a physiologically active substance is called:

Back 27

secretion

Front 28

Body cavitites that open directly to the outside environment are lined with:

Back 28

Mucous membranes

Front 29

function of connective tissues

Back 29

Protect the body and its organs

Binds organs together

Provide immunity to disease-causing organisms

Support the body and its organs

Front 30

Connexins and connexons are present in:

Back 30

Gap Junctions

Front 31

Which of the following is NOT an exocrine gland:

A.Sweat glands
B. Goblet cells
C. Adrenal glands
D. Salivary glands
E. Ceruminous glands

Back 31

c. Adrenal Glands

Front 32

The surface of a cell that faces the body surface, or lumen of an organ is called the:

Back 32

Apical surface

Front 33

helps maintain the stability of the cell and tissue structure AS WELL AS attach to other cells:

Back 33

desmosomes

Front 34

Skeletal muscles are compartmentalized by:

Back 34

Connective Tissue

Front 35

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move

Back 35

Muscle Tissue

Front 36

the first tissues that form in the human embryo

Back 36

Primary Germ Layers:

Front 37

Endoderm, Mesoderm, & Ectoderm

Back 37

All three germ layers give rise to epithelial tissue

Mesoderm gives rise to all connective tissue and most muscle tissue.


Ectoderm gives rise to nervous tissue

Front 38

Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets of single or multiple layers

ii. Held tightly together by many cell junctions allowing very little or no intercellular space between adjacent cells.

Back 38

Epitheial Tissue

Front 39

face the adjacent cells on either side of the cell.

Back 39

Lateral Surface

Front 40

opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials, a deeper layer of epithelial cells, or the basement membrane.

Back 40

Basal Surface

Front 41

forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs and the lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the internal respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Back 41

Covering and LIning Epitheilum

Front 42

the secreting protion of glands such as the thyroid, sweat glands, and adrenal glands.

Back 42

Glandular Epithelium

Front 43

thin, arranged like floor tiles.

1. Easy for allowing rapid movement of substances through them.

Back 43

Squamous Cells

Front 44

taller than they are wide
i. Also for secretion and absorption

Back 44

Columnar Cells

Front 45

Change shape from cuboidal to flat and back to cuboidal. i. Allow organs to stretch to larger sizes and return (urinary bladder)

Back 45

Transitional Cells

Front 46

lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Back 46

Endothelium

Front 47

forms the serous membranes (the membrane that lines an organ or body cavity, that does not expose to the exterior)

Back 47

Mesothelium

Front 48

single layer of cuboidal cells

1. lines the lumen of the kidney tubules and the follicles of the thyroid

Back 48

Simple Cuboidal

Front 49

are modified, non-ciliated, simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucous.

Back 49

GOblet Cells

Front 50

found amidst goblet cells, so that the mucous from the goblet cells can trap foreign particles and the cilia can sweep them away for elimination from the body. Or so the cilia can move an egg through a uterine tube toward the uterus.

Back 50

Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium:

Front 51

_________ fills the wide spaces between the cells

Back 51

Matrix

Cartilage: matrix is firm, but pliable
Bone: matrix is hard and non-pliable

Front 52

large, flat cells with branching processes found in loose & dense connective tissue

Back 52

Fibroblasts

Front 53

give rise to cartilage

Back 53

Chondoblasts

Front 54

give rise to bone

Back 54

Osteoblasts

Front 55

develop from monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris via phagocytosis

Back 55

Macrophage

Front 56

small cells that develop from a type og white blood cell called a B Lymphocyte.

1. Secrete antibodies, which attack foreign substances in the body.

a. Important to the immune system.

Back 56

Plasma Cells

Front 57

Produce histamine, the chemical that dilates blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response to injury or infection

Back 57

Mast Cells

Front 58

made up of water and many molecules that are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins.

Back 58

Ground Substance

Front 59

gather in connective tissue in response to infection and allergic reactions.

Back 59

White blood cells

Front 60

a think (viscous), slippery substance, that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shapes of the eyeballs.

Back 60

Hyaluronic Acid

Front 61

provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.

Back 61

Chondroitin Sulfate

Front 62

link components of the ground substance to each other and to the surface cells.

Back 62

Adhesion proteins

Front 63

the main adhesion protein of connective tissue; links collagen and ground substances together

Back 63

Fibronectin

Front 64

Form the stroma, which means “bed or covering” and forms the supporting framework of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and the basement membrane.

Back 64

Reticular Fibers

Front 65

THis protein, is the most abundant protein in the body

Back 65

Collagen

Front 66

Abundant in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue

Back 66

Elastic Fibers

Front 67

“bed or covering” and forms the supporting framework of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes) and the basement membrane.

Back 67

Stroma

Front 68

loosely intertwined fibers amidst many cells

Back 68

Loose COnnective Tissue

Front 69

made of cells called adipocytes, which are specialized for storage of triglycerides.

a. Function in energy storage, heat insulation, and support & protection of the body’s organs.

Back 69

Adipose Tissue

Front 70

Form the stroma for the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

a. Also helps filter blood in the spleen and remove old blood cells as well as filter lymph in the lymph nodes and remove bacteria.

Back 70

Reticular CT

Front 71

contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers amidst considerably fewer cells than loose CT

Back 71

Dense CT

Front 72

Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for great strength that withstand pulling along the axis of the fibers.

a. Silvery white and somewhat pliable

b. i.e. Tendons and most ligaments

Back 72

Dense Regular CT

Front 73

collagen fibers packed more closely together than in dense regular CT and arranged irregularly.

a. found in parts of the body where forces are exerted in various directions
(the heart)

Back 73

Dense IRREGULAR CT

Front 74

A dense network of collagen firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate

1. Can endure more stress than loose and dense CT.

2. Formed by chondrocytes, cartilage cells.

Back 74

Cartilage

(Fibrocartilage = strongest)

Front 75

found in epithelial cells that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder that prevent leaking

Back 75

Tight Junctions

Front 76

contain a dense layer of protein, called a plaque, on the cytosol side of the plasma membrane, that attaches to the cytoskeleton fibers and transmembrane glycoproteins, called cadherins.
(help resist separation)

Back 76

Adherens Junctions

Front 77

made of keratin attach to a desmosome on the cytosol side and cross the cytosol to attach to another desmosome within the same cell.

a. Contributes to the stability of the cell and tissue structure

Back 77

Intermediate Filaments

Front 78

Similar to desmosomes, but do not attach to other cells. Rather they attach to the basement membrane.

the cadherins are called Integrins

Back 78

Hemidesmosomes

Front 79

allow the cells of certain tissues communicate with each other as well as increase the speed of nerve impulses along muscle cells in the heart and stomach.

Back 79

Gap Junctions

Front 80

cells that make up and form glands that function in secretion

Back 80

Glandular Epithelium

Front 81

a single cell or group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.

Back 81

Gland

Front 82

regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to help maintain homeostasis

Back 82

Hormones

Front 83

tubular secretory part is straight and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.

i. I.e. glands of the large intestine

Back 83

Simple Tubular

Front 84

tubular secretory part is branched and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.

i. i.e. gastric glands of the stomach

Back 84

Simple Branched Tubular

Front 85

tubular secretory part is coiled and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.

i. I.e. sweat (suderiferous) glands

Back 85

Simple Coiled Tubular

Front 86

secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a single, unbranched duct

i. i.e. glands of the penile urethra

Back 86

Simple Acinar

Front 87

rounded secretory portion is branched and attaches to a single, unbranched duct.

i. i.e. sebaceous (oil) glands

Back 87

Simple Branched Acinar

Front 88

secretory portion is tubular and attaches to a branched duct

Back 88

Compound Tubular

Front 89

secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a branched duct

i. i.e. mammary glands

Back 89

Compound Acinar

Front 90

secretory portion is both tubular and rouded and attaches to a branched duct.

Back 90

Compound TubularAcinar

Front 91

the secretion is synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER, processed, sorted, & packaged by the Golgi complex, and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.
MOST Exocrine Glands are these.

Back 91

Merocrine Glands

Front 92

accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell, then that portion of the cell pinches off the rest of the cell to release the secretion

Back 92

Apocrine Glands
(none in body)

Front 93

accumulates the secretion in the cytosol and as the cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product itself.

Back 93

Holocrine Glands

Front 94

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Back 94

Membranes

Front 95

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the outside environment.

Back 95

Mucus Membranes

Front 96

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the outside environment.

Back 96

Serous Membranes

Front 97

Serous Layers
the layer attached to the cavity wall

Back 97

Parietal Layer

Front 98

The layer that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity.

Back 98

Visceral Layer

Front 99

lubricates the organs so they can glide easily over each other and the walls of the cavity

Back 99

Serous Fluid

Front 100

lines the cavities of freely moveable joints (do not open to the external environment). Lacks Epithelium

Back 100

Synovial Membranes