Anatomy Final Exam Review

Front 1

Skin Facts

Back 1

- 7% of our body weight comes from skin
- 1.8 square meters of surface area
- Skin is an organ

Hint 1

-What % of body weight comes from skin?
- How many square meters of surface area?
-Skin is an ________.

Front 2

Skin Functions

Back 2

- Physical protection from UV light, microorganisms, and water.
- Hydroregulation
- Thermoregulation
- Absorption and synthesis
- Sensory reception
- Communication

Hint 2

6 functions

Front 3

Layers of the Skin

Back 3

- Epidermis (thin outer layer)
- Dermis (thicker inner layer of fibrous connective tissues)
-Hypodermis (not truly skin)

Front 4

Epidermis layers

Back 4

1. Stratum corneum (dead, outer layer)
2. Stratum lucidum (dead, thin clear layer on the lips and palms and soles of feet)
3. Stratum granulosum (alive, 3-5 rows)
4. Stratum spinosum (alive, 8-12 layers)
5. Stratum basale (alive, 1 layer)

Hint 4

-Layers
-Dead/alive
-Location or how many rows

Front 5

Skin coloration

Back 5

- Melanin (brown)
- Carotene (yellow)
- Hemoglobin (red/pink) (Cyanosis is a lack of oxygen, where a person looks blueish)

Hint 5

- 3 types

Front 6

Dermis Layers

Back 6

- Papillary layer (Top 20%)
- Reticular layer

Front 7

Tactile Sensors of Dermis

Back 7

- Free nerve endings: Touch (light)
- Meissner's Corpuscles: Touch (light)
- Pacinian Corpuscles: Deep pressure

Hint 7

- 3 sensors

Front 8

Nail Facts

Back 8

- Functions: protect fingers & toes, help pick up small objects
- Compressed (keratinized) layer of stratum corneum
- 1 mm/week growth

Hint 8

- Functions
- fact
- How much growth per week?

Front 9

Hair Facts

Back 9

- No real purpose
- Hard keratin
- 2 mm/week growth
- Fastest growth till 40 years old

Hint 9

- 4 facts

Front 10

Glands

Back 10

- Sweat (sudoriferous): coiled tubular
- Sebaceous: Sebum
- Ceruminous: wax
- Mammary: lactation

Hint 10

- 4 glands/ stuff they secrete

Front 11

Burns

Back 11

- 1st degree: Epidermis damaged (sunburn)
- 2nd degree: Epidermis and dermis damaged (complete recovery
- 3rd degree: Epidermis and dermis destroyed (skin grafts)

Hint 11

-Degrees

Front 12

The Rule of Nines

Back 12

- Estimates extent of burns
- Anterior & Posterior head & neck: 9%
- Anterior & Posterior upper limbs: 18%
- Anterior & Posterior trunk: 36%
- Perineum: 1%
- Anterior & Posterior Lower Limbs: 36%

Hint 12

- Burn percentages

Front 13

Skin Cancer ABCDs

Back 13

- Assymetry
- Border irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
- Elevation

Front 14

Effects of Aging on Skin

Back 14

- Thinner, fat loss from hypodermis
- Drier, sweat and sebaceous glands
- Less elastic, collagen thickens and stiffens

Hint 14

- 3 effects

Front 15

Osteology

Back 15

The study of bone and bone tissue

Front 16

Arthology

Back 16

Study of joints and articulations

Front 17

Functions of Skeletal System

Back 17

1) Support: Rigid framework for softer tissues and organs
2) Protection: Brain and spinal cord, organs
3) Body movement: Anchor site for muscles, levers
4) Mineral storage: Calcium, phosphorus
5) Hemopoesis: Blood formation

Hint 17

- 5 functions

Front 18

Axial Skeleton

Back 18

- Skull (auditory ossicles)
- Hyoid
- Spine
- Rib cage
- 80 bones

Hint 18

- Parts
- How many total bones

Front 19

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 19

- Pectoral girdle
- Arms
- Pelvic girdle
- Legs
- 126 bones

Hint 19

- Parts
- How many total bones

Front 20

Bone Classifications

Back 20

- Long Bone (Metatarsals, metacarpals, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, femur. All have an elongated axis)
- Short Bone (Talus, carpal, tarsal, tend to be in wrist. Chunks, no axis)
- Flat (ribs, ilium. Clavicle, sternum, skull)
- Irregular (everything else, vertebra, sacrum, ishium)

Hint 20

- 4 types and examples

Front 21

Bone Cells

Back 21

- Osteogenic: Immature bone cell in periosteum and endosteum, responds to injury (osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
- Osteoblasts: Form bone and will become osteocytes
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
- Osteoclasts: Reabsorber of bone tissue
- Bone lining: Cover bone and regulate mineral movement into and out of bone

Hint 21

- 5 types

Front 22

Spongy bone

Back 22

- Trabeculae is in place to resist bending
- Shock absorbing
- Present in the ends of long bones

Hint 22

- 3 facts

Front 23

Wolff's Law

Back 23

Bones respond to the stresses that we place on them. Can make bones bigger and stronger by exercising. If you can't move due to an injury, bones will begin to atrophy.

Front 24

Osteoporosis

Back 24

- Weakening of bone
- Bones get bigger and thicker, but quality goes down.
- Decrease in bone mineral density and increase in porosity

Hint 24

- 3 facts

Front 25

Fractures

Back 25

- Comminuted: Broken to pieces but still inside
- Compression: Crack or smash due to squeeze
- Depressed: Bone gets pushed into tissue underneath
- Epiphyseal: Goes through the growth plate
- Greenstick: Partial break, like as if bent back and forth
- Spiral: Twisting fracture, on an oblique plane

Hint 25

- 6 types

Front 26

Fracture Healing

Back 26

- Bone has a good blood supply
- When it first breaks, it bleeds and forms a blood clot (Hematoma)
- Callus forms around clot (fibrocartilaginous)
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs

Front 27

Sphenoid

Back 27

- Most commonly fractured bone in skull, because it is thin walled and delicate

Front 28

Mandible

Back 28

- Biggest and strongest bone in the face. Getting hit in the chin is a good way to get a concussion.

Front 29

Hyoid

Back 29

- It is the only bone in the body that doesn't touch another bone
- If it is broken, the person was strangled

Front 30

Cervical Curvature

Back 30

- Concave
- C1-C7
- Secondary
- Lordotic

Front 31

Thoracic Curvature

Back 31

- Convex
- T1-T12
- Primary
- Kyphotic

Front 32

Lumbar Curvature

Back 32

-Concave
- L1-L5
- Secondary
- Lordotic

Front 33

Sacral Curvature

Back 33

- Convex
- 5 fused vertebrae sacrum
- (Pelvic is primary and kyphotic)

Front 34

Clavicle

Back 34

Most often fractured bone in the trunk

Front 35

Femur

Back 35

Biggest and strongest bone in the body

Front 36

Joints

Back 36

Where 2 or more bones come together, doesn't need to move.

Front 37

Fibrous Joints

Back 37

- No joint cavity, strong fibrous connective bonds. In general, bones don't move
- Sutures: Connective tissue is bone; Immovable; only in skull
- Syndesmoses: Linked by interosseous ligaments; distal radio/ulnar; distal tibia/fibula
- Gomphoses: tooth socket; periodontal ligament; congruent joint, because socket and tooth match up

Front 38

Cartilagenous Joints

Back 38

- No joint cavity, cartilage type bonds; Slightly movable
- Synchondroses: Hyaline cartilage between bones; between ribs & sternum, growth plates, between diaphyses & epiphyses
- Sympheses: fibrocartilage between bones; symphysis pubis, intervertebral joints

Front 39

Synovial Joints

Back 39

- Joint cavity, synovial membrane/fluid
- freely movable

Front 40

Structure of Synovial Joints

Back 40

- Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage on the ends of bones
- Synovial cavity: filled with fluid
- Articular capsule: fibrous capsule, synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid: viscous lubricating fluid
- Reinforcing ligaments: Capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
- Nerves & vessels: Pain & proprioception

Front 41

Plane (gliding) Joint

Back 41

- Nonaxial, slip/slide activity
- Flat (nearly) articulating surfaces
- Intercarpal joint, intertarsal joint

Front 42

Hinge Joint

Back 42

- Uniaxial (movement in 1 plane)
- One surface convex and the other concave
- Strong collateral ligaments
- Elbow, interphalangeal, knee

Front 43

Pivot Joint

Back 43

- Uniaxial (bone rotates around itself or another bone)
- One surface rounded and one has a depression
- Articulation between axis and atlas, proximal radioulnar joint

Front 44

Condyloid Joint

Back 44

- Biaxial (up/down side/side)
- 1 concave and 1 convex surface
- Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers (MCP1 is hinge)

Front 45

Saddle Joint

Back 45

- Biaxial (up/down side/side)
- 1 concave and 1 convex
- Carpometacarpal joint I, Sternoclavicular

Front 46

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Back 46

- Triaxial (movement in all directions)
- Articulation of rounded convex surface and cuplike cavity
- Hip & shoulder are examples

Front 47

Factors influencing joint stability

Back 47

- Passive: shapes of articulating surface; ligaments; more congruent bones more stable
- Active: muscle tone; muscles can contract to stabilize joints

Front 48

Temporomandibular Joint

Back 48

- Bones: Temporal and mandible
- Hinge & sliding
- Articular disc
- Most easily dislocated joint in the body
- TMJ syndrome
- Has a meniscus, like the knee

Front 49

Sternoclavicular Joint

Back 49

- Bones: Sternum and clavicle
- Saddle
- Articular disc
- Has meniscus
- Critical joint (only bony attachment of the upper extremity
- Most frequently dislocated joint of the rib cage (still not very frequently dislocated)

Front 50

Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 50

- Bones: Acromion process of scapula & clavicle
- Gliding
- Shoulder separation (Grade 1, stretching of acromioclavicular ligament; Grade 2, Torn acromioclavicular, stretched coricoclavicular; Grade 3, completely torn acromioclavicular and coricoclavicular ligaments

Front 51

Glenohumeral Joint

Back 51

- Most complicated joint in the body
- Bones: humerus & glenoid fossa
- Ball & socket
- Stability (SITS, Supraspinatus, Intraspinatus, etc)
- Kind of like golf ball and tee, not much keeping it there
- Vulnerable position is abduction and external rotation

Front 52

Hip Joint

Back 52

- Ball and socket
- Joint capsule (Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiofemoral ligaments)

Front 53

Knee Joint

Back 53

- Modified hinge
- Stability (Ligaments & cartilage, ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL)

Front 54

Ankle Joint

Back 54

- Hinge
- Stability (Medial: deltoid ligament; Lateral: anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
- Most sprains happen laterally

Front 55

Osteoarthritis

Back 55

- Cartilage degeneration
- Not caused by knuckle cracking

Front 56

Muscular Tissue

Back 56

- Only contractile tissue
- Over 600 skeletal muscles
- About 50% of body weight
- Functions: movement, maintenance of posture, joint stabilization

Front 57

Special Features of Muscles

Back 57

- Contractability (ability to shorten)
- Excitability/irritability (sensitive to nerve impulses)
- Extensibility (when relaxed, muscles can stretch)
- Elasticity (After stretching can return to regular length)
-

Front 58

Skeletal Muscle

Back 58

- Muscle fiber = muscle cell
- Endomysium: connective tissue that surrounds a muscle cell
- Fascicle: bundle of muscle cells
- Perimysium: connective tissue around each bundle (fascicle) of muscle cells
- Epimyseum is connective tissue (attached to tendon) that goes around the whole muscle
- Endomysium -> Perimysium -> Epimysium -> Tendon -> Bone

Front 59

Nerves of Skeletal Muscles

Back 59

- Neurons close to muscle cells
- Sends ACH to surface of muscle cell
- Presence is detected by cell membrane of muscle, which transmits electrical impulse to make muscle contract

Front 60

Motor Unit

Back 60

- A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
- # of muscle fibers per motor unit varies (1:10 eye, 1:500 quadriceps)
- Each motor unit goes all or nothing, so the muscles with the smallest ratio have the most motor control

Front 61

Muscle Organization

Back 61

Myofilaments (actin & myosin) -> Myofibril -> Muscle fiber -> Fasciculi -> Muscle

Front 62

Muscle Fibers

Back 62

-I bands (Light, actin only)
-A bands (dark, actin and myosin)
- H zones (Light, actin only, Helles means light. in the center of A bands)

Front 63

Types of Muscle Action

Back 63

- Isometric (length is staying the same, like the plank)
- Concentric (contract, getting shorter)
- Eccentric (muscle is getting longer)
- Strongest eccentrically

Front 64

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Back 64

- Red Slow-twitch: Aerobic, slow oxydative. Abs, back muscles, things that are always active
- White Fast-twitch: Anaerobic, fast glycotic. Arms
- Intermediate Fast-twitch: Aerobic, fast oxydative. Legs

Front 65

Steroids

Back 65

- Hormones originally intended to increase weight gain for people who had cancer or anorexia.
- 70+ side effects: Acne, liver damage, roid rage, breast development, ossification of epiphyseal plates

Front 66

Androstenedione

Back 66

- Precursor to testosterone and estrogen, converts to whichever exists in the body in lower levels.
- In young females increases testosterone, in young males increases estrogen.

Front 67

Creatine

Back 67

- Protein that improves energy production
- Only supplement proven to improve performance

Front 68

Cholestrum (colostrum)

Back 68

- Protein & growth hormone
- Present in mother's milk first few days of life
- No evidence of any improvements

Front 69

Parallel (Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles)

Back 69

- Fascicles run parallel to the long axis
- Long & flat, moves over a great distance, food endurance, not very strong
- Sartorius, rectus abdominus

Front 70

Convergent (Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles)

Back 70

- Wide origin & narrow insertion
- Force concentrated on a single point

Front 71

Pennate (Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles)

Back 71

- Fascicles attach at an angle to a tendon that runs the length of the muscle
- Many fibers per unit area, tire quickly
- Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

Front 72

Circular (sphincteral) (Arrangement of Muscle Fascicles)

Back 72

- Concentric arrangement around orfice
- Orbicularis Oculi, Orbicularis Oris

Front 73

Muscle groups

Back 73

- Agonist (main mover)
- Synergist (helping mover)
- Antagonist (works against the agonist)
-Stabilizers & neutralizers (neutralizers remove an unwanted movement)

Front 74

Sensory

Back 74

Afferent, to the CNS

Front 75

Motor

Back 75

Efferent, away from the CNS

Front 76

Somatic

Back 76

- Outside ventral body cavity (voluntary)
- Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, proprioception (sensory)
- Contraction of skeletal muscles (motor)

Front 77

Visceral

Back 77

- Inside the ventral body cavity (involuntary)
- Stretch, pain, temperature, taste (sensory)
- Regulation of smooth and cardiac muscle contraction, ANS (autonomic nervous system) (motor)

Front 78

Neurons

Back 78

- Basic structural & functional unit of the nervous system
- 100 year life span
- Cannot reproduce, but may repair themselves
- High metabolic rate (Glucose and O2)

Front 79

Neurons v. Nerve Fibers v. Nerves

Back 79

- Neurons: Nerve cells
- Nerve fiber: axons
- Nerve: Bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS

Front 80

Resting Potential

Back 80

- Of muscles, created by Na/K pump. 3 Na out for every 2 K in

Front 81

Transmission of Nerve Impulses

Back 81

- All or nothing
- Speed based on myelination (myelinated is faster) and diameter (larger diameter faster)
- For myelinated fibers, speed is proportional to diameter. For unmyelinated fibers, speed is the square root of the diameter.

Front 82

Structure of Neurons

Back 82

- 99% are multipolar
- Some are bipolar or unipolar

Front 83

Neuroglia in the CNS

Back 83

- Astrocytes (Bind capillaries & neurons)
- Microglia (Phagocytize pathogens & debris)
- Ependymal cells (Move cerebrospinal fluid by ciliary action)
- Oligodendrocytes (Form myelin)

Front 84

Neuroglia in PNS

Back 84

- Satellite cells (Support cell bodies in ganglia)
- Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) (Form myelin)

Front 85

White vs Grey matter

Back 85

- White: myelinated
- Grey: unmyelinated

Front 86

Structure of Nerve

Back 86

- Endoneurium: around axons
- Perineurium: around fascicles
- Epineurium: around whole structure

Front 87

Reflex Arc

Back 87

Receptor -> sensory neuron -> integration center -> motor neuron -> effector

Front 88

Monosynaptic (stretch) Reflex

Back 88

- Reflex arc characteristics
- Monosynaptic so no integration center
- Ipsilateral (means same side)

Front 89

Withdrawal (flexor) Reflex

Back 89

- Reflex arc characteristics
- Polysynaptic, so there is an integration center
- Ipsilateral

Front 90

Crossed Extensor Reflex

Back 90

- Reflex arc characteristics
- Polysynaptic, integration center with crossing over
- Ipsilateral and contralateral

Front 91

Brain Facts

Back 91

- 3.3 lbs
- 100 billion neurons
- High metabolic rate (20% of cardiac output, 10 second lapse = unconscious)

Front 92

Ependymal Cells

Back 92

Pump cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout CNS

Front 93

Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 93

- 83% of brain mass
- Higher mental functions like memory and reasoning
- Cortex (outer part, grey matter)
- Sulcus is cut in the brain (plural sulci)
-Gyrus is bump in the brain (plural gyri)

Front 94

Frontal Lobe of Brain

Back 94

- Voluntary Motor Control
- Higher intellectual processes
- Verbal communication

Front 95

Precentral Gyrus

Back 95

- Frontal lobe
- Motor

Front 96

Parietal Lobe

Back 96

- Speech
- Emotions
- Textures & shapes

Front 97

Postcentral Gyrus

Back 97

- Parietal lobe
- Somatic sensory cortex

Front 98

Temporal Lobe

Back 98

- Auditory
- Vestibular

Front 99

Right Brain Control

Back 99

- Left control
- Creativity
- Art
- Music
- Spatial
-Construction

Front 100

Left Brain Control

Back 100

- Right control
- Logic
- Math
- Science
- Speech
- Language
- Writing

Front 101

Broca's Area

Back 101

Motor Speech Area

Front 102

Wernicke's Area

Back 102

Language comprehension area

Front 103

Association fibers

Back 103

Myelinated neurons that connect sections of the brain within one hemisphere

Front 104

Commisural fibers

Back 104

Myelinated nerurons that cross between left and right hemispheres

Front 105

Projection fibers

Back 105

Run vertical and into the brainstem. Cross over

Front 106

Basal Ganglia

Back 106

- Start, stop, and regulate the intensity of voluntary movements
- May select appropriate muscles
- Parkinson's Disease is related to this

Front 107

Diencephalon

Back 107

Autonomic region (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pituitary gland)

Front 108

Thalamus

Back 108

- Grey matter
- Relay center for all sensory impulses

Front 109

Hypothalamus

Back 109

- Cardiovascular regulation and digestion
- Emotional responses
- Body temperature regulation
- Regulation of hunger and thirst
- Behavior
- Regulation of sleeping and wakefulness
- Control of endocrine functions
- Memory?

Front 110

Epithalamus

Back 110

- Pineal body (gland)
- Melatonin

Front 111

Pituitary Gland

Back 111

- Infundibulum
- Adenohypophysis (Anterior portion)
- Neurohypophysis (Posterior portion)
- Housed in sella turica

Front 112

Midbrain

Back 112

- Corpora quadrigemina (superior colliculi: visual reflexes, track movement; inferior colliculi: auditory reflexes)
- Cerebral peduncles

Front 113

Pons

Back 113

-Relays messages between cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres

Front 114

Medulla oblongata

Back 114

Visceral autonomic center (respiration, heart rate; one of the issues with upper spinal/neck injuries is that this could get damaged and you could stop breathing or your heart could stop)

Front 115

Cerebellum

Back 115

Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions

Front 116

Meninges

Back 116

- Dura mater (most superficial, external)
- Arachnoid mater (spiderweb, small, cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels)
- Dia mater (in direct contact with CNS tissue. MAkes it possible for sugar and oxygen to pass through
- Meningitis: an inflammation of the meninges

Front 117

Septa of cranial dura mater

Back 117

- Falx cerebri (vertical fold, separates right and left cerebral hemispheres)
- Falx cerebelli (vertical fold, separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres)
- Tentorium cerebelli (horizontal fold separating cerebrum and cerebellum; like a tent over the cerebellar hemisphere)

Front 118

Spinal Cord

Back 118

- 45 cm long (18 inches)
- 1-1.5 cm diameter
- 31 sections (31 spinal nerves)
- 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Front 119

Spinal cord white and grey matter

Back 119

- Grey (signals side to side, unmyelinated, cell bodies)
- White (signals up and down, myelinated)
-Central canal (cerebrospinal fluid through here)

Front 120

Cranial Nerves

Back 120

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

Front 121

I. Olfactory

Back 121

- Function: Sensory
- Part: Smell
- Hole: Olfactory foramina

Front 122

II. Optic

Back 122

- Function: Sensory
- Part: Vision
- Hole: Optic foramina

Front 123

III. Oculomotor

Back 123

- Function: Motor
- Part: Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
- Hole: Superior Orbital Fissure

Front 124

IV. Trochlear

Back 124

- Function: Motor
- Part: Superior oblique
- Hole: Superior Orbital Fissure

Front 125

V. Trigeminal

Back 125

- Function: Both
- Part: Face, mouth, tongue (sensory); Chewing (motor)
- Hole: Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale
- Largest diameter cranial nerve

Front 126

VI. Abducens

Back 126

- Function: Motor
- Part: Lateral rectus
- Hole: Superior Orbital Fissure

Front 127

VII. Facial

Back 127

- Function: Both
- Part: Taste buds (sensory); Facial expressions (motor)
- Hole: Stylomastoid foramen

Front 128

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

Back 128

- Function: Sensory
- Part: Balance and hearing
- Hole: Internal acoustic meatus

Front 129

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Back 129

- Function: Both
- Part: Proprioception, taste buds (sensory); Swallowing (motor)
- Hole: Jugular foramen

Front 130

X. Vagus

Back 130

- Function: Both
- Part: From organs (sensory); Taste buds, viscera (motor)
- Hole: Jugular foramen
- Longest cranial nerve

Front 131

XI. Accessory

Back 131

- Function: Motor
- Part: Neck muscles
- Hole: Jugular foramen

Front 132

XII. Hypoglossal

Back 132

- Function: Motor
- Part: Tongue
- Hole: Hypoglossal canal

Front 133

Spinal Nerves

Back 133

- 31 pairs (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
- Dorsal root: Sensory (spinal ganglion)
- Ventral root: Motor (axons)
- Dorsal ramus: Muscles, skin along vertebral column
- Ventral ramus: Muscles, skin on lateral and anterior portions; some combine to innervate limbs

Front 134

Cervical Plexus

Back 134

- C1-C5
- Upper extremity

Front 135

Axillary Nerve (Cervical Plexus)

Back 135

- Armpit, deltoid, and teres minor (motor)
- Skin over deltoid (sensory)

Front 136

Radial Nerve (Cervical Plexus)

Back 136

- Posterior side of arm (motor)
- Posterior and lateral upper, forearm, hand (sensory)
- Saturday night paralysis

Front 137

Musculocutaneous (Cervical Plexus)

Back 137

- Elbow flexors: biceps brachium, brachialis, coracobrachialis (motor)
- Lateral forearm (sensory)

Front 138

Ulnar (Cervical Plexus)

Back 138

- Lose strength in medial fist & finger flexors
- Funny bone nerve

Front 139

Median (Cervical Plexus)

Back 139

- Lateral wrist and finger flexors (motor)
- Anterior and lateral hand (sensory)

Front 140

Lumbar Plexus

Back 140

- L1-L4
- Lower abdomen and anterior/medial leg

Front 141

Femoral Nerve (Lumbar Plexus)

Back 141

- Hip flexors & quads, anterior femur (motor)
- Anterior/medial thigh, leg, and foot (sensory)

Front 142

Obturator Nerve (Lumbar Plexus)

Back 142

- Medial thigh, adductor (motor)
- Inner thigh (sensory)

Front 143

Sacral Plexus

Back 143

- L4-S4
- Low back, pelvis, posterior leg, and foot

Front 144

Sciatic Nerve (Sacral Plexus)

Back 144

- Tibial: backside of tibia, posterior muscles (motor); posterior & lateral leg and calf, plantar foot (sensory)
- Peroneal: anterior & lateral leg, dorsiflexors and peroneus longus/brevis, everters (motor); Anterior and lateral leg, dorsal foot (sensory)

Front 145

Dermatome

Back 145

A topographical map of a person that tells which area of skin provides sensory info to spinal nerves

Front 146

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 146

- A system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body.
- Involuntary
- Maintains homeostasis by increasing or decreasing activity
- Functions independently, no conscious control necessary

Front 147

Voluntary (Somatic) Motor System

Back 147

- Skeletal muscles
- Single Axon
- Cell bodies in CNS

Front 148

Involuntary (Autonomic) Motor System

Back 148

- Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular epithelium
- Pre/post ganglionic neurons
- Cell bodies in CNS and outside CNS

Front 149

Sympathetic Division (ANS)

Back 149

- Increases activity
- Thoracolumbar
- Preganglionic axons short and myelinated (white ramus communicans); postganglionic axons long and unmyelinated (grey ramus communicans)
- Adregenergic effects
- Pupil dilation; increases sweat, decreases saliva; increased heart rate; vascoconstriction; dilation of bronchioles; sphincters closed

Front 150

Parasympathetic Division (ANS)

Back 150

- Decreases activity levels
- Craniosacral
- Terminal ganglia, located on or near innervated organs. This means preganglionic axons are long and postganglionic axons are short
- Energy conservation
- Pupil constriction; increases tears, increases saliva; decreased heart rate; vascodilation (only back to normal size); constriction of bronchioles; sphincter closing inhibited

Front 151

Blood Basics

Back 151

- Connective tissue (only fluid one)
- 8% of body weight
- Comes from mesenchyme

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Blood flow

Back 152

- Arterial blood: away from heart
- Venous blood: towards heart
- Oxygenated blood: red
- Deoxygenated blood: blue
- Pulmonary (lungs) is reversed, arterial blood is deoxygenated (blue) and venous blood is oxygenated (red)

Front 153

Blood Viscosity

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- Resistance to flow
- 4.5-5.5
- Compared to water, is thicker. Water is 1.0

Front 154

Blood Plasma

Back 154

- Albumins: add viscosity, thickness to blood; help regulate blood pressure and prevent leaks
- Globulins: made by liver; help transport fats and fat soluble vitamins (alpha and beta); antibodies of immunity (gamma)
- Fibrinogen: works with thrombocytes to help form blood clots

Front 155

Hematocrit

Back 155

% of blood volume made up of red blood cells; the average is 45%

Front 156

Erythrocytes

Back 156

- Red blood cells
- O2 and CO2 transport
- Biconcave discs; unique shape increases surface area and allows for oxygen transport
- No nucleus or mitochondira, so not a true cell
- 100-120 day lifespan

Front 157

Leukocytes

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- Only formed elements that are true cells (contain nuclei and mitochondria)
- Ameboid (can go outside circulatory system)
- Nearly invisible under microscope

Front 158

Neutrophils (Leukocytes)

Back 158

- Granular
- Nonstaining (neutral)
- Lifespan: 6 hours to a few days
- Phagocytic cells, eat foreign materials

Front 159

Eosinophils (Leukocytes)

Back 159

- Granular
- Pink staining
- Lifespan: 8-12 days
- Phagocytic

Front 160

Basophils (Leukocytes)

Back 160

- Granular
- Blue staining
- Lifespan: A few hours to a few days
- Phagocytic

Front 161

Lymphocytes (Leukocytes)

Back 161

- Agranular
- Large nuclei & thin layer of cytoplasm
- Lifespan: hours to years
- T cells: killer; become aminocompetent in thymus
- B cells: antibody producer; mature in bones

Front 162

Monocytes (Leukocytes)

Back 162

- Agranular
- Largest cells in blood
- Lifespan: months

Front 163

Thrombocytes

Back 163

- Clot formation
- Smallest of formed elements
- Are fragments of megakaryocytes
- Ameboid (can leave circulatory system)
- Lifespan: 5-10 days

Front 164

Blood Clots

Back 164

- Thrombus: clot in a blood vessel
- Embolus: free floating thrombus

Front 165

Hemopoesis

Back 165

- Process of forming blood cells
- Erythropoesis (RBCs) Leukopoesis (WBCs)
- Starts with a blood stem cell
- Committed cells can't change their mind about which cell type to become

Front 166

Sites of Hemopoesis

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- Red marrow: always active. In spongy bone (epiphyses) of long bone or flat bones
- Yellow marrow: active only in emergencies, in the diaphysis of long bones

Front 167

Heart

Back 167

- Continuously working pump (70-80 bpm)
- Weighs less than 1 lb
- 3 layers of the wall: epicardium (serous membrane, also called visceral pericardium), myocardium (middle layer, muscle, does contracting), endocardium (endofilial layer [simple squamous] prevents leaks)

Front 168

Blood Flow in Heart

Back 168

Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Out

Front 169

Right Atrioventricular Valve

Back 169

- Tricuspid
- Valve open when heart/ventricles relaxed
- Valve closed when heart/ventricles contracting

Front 170

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Back 170

- Moon-shaped flaps
- Valve open when heart contracting
- Valve closed when heart relaxed

Front 171

Left Atrioventricular Valve

Back 171

- Bicuspid (mitral)
- Valve open when heart relaxed
- Valve closed when heart contracting

Front 172

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Back 172

- Moon shaped flaps
- Valve open when heart contracting
- Valve closed when heart relaxed

Front 173

Blood Pressure

Back 173

- Force exerted against vessel walls (systole, diastole)
- 120/80 normal
- 140/100 high
- 100/60 low
- Systolic is pressure on vessels when heart contracts
- Diastolic is pressure left over when the heart relaxes
- BP number is systolic/diastolic

Front 174

Heart sounds

Back 174

- Lub-dub
- Sounds of valves closing
- Lub is closing of AV valves
- Dub is closing of semilunar valves

Front 175

Circulatory Routes

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- Systemic cirulation (to the rest of body)
- Pulmonary circulation (to lungs)
- Coronary circulation (for heart)

Front 176

Myocardial Infarction

Back 176

- Heart attack
- Myocardial necrosis: thrombus formation in coronary artery
-Surgical prevention: coronary bypass (72% success), angioplasty (inflate balloon in artery)

Front 177

Blood Vessels

Back 177

- 35% of blood in arteries
- 65% of blood in veins
- Structure permits blood flow & molecular exchange between blood and tissues
- 3 layers: tunica interna (simple squamous), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica externa (loose connective)

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Arteries

Back 178

- Large: Elastic fibers in tunica media, allow changes in diameter
- Medium: Less elastic fibers and more smooth muscle in tunica media; fairly constant diameter
- Arteriole: Poorly defined tunica externa & media

Front 179

Veins

Back 179

- Large: Thickest layers compared to other veins
- Medium: Tunica media thin
- Venule: no tunica media

Front 180

Capillaries

Back 180

- Continuous: complete endothelial lining
- Fenestrated: perforated endothelial lining; in places like small intestine to absorb nutrients or kidneys for filtration
- Sinusoidal: Most perforated; in spleen or liver

Front 181

Blood Brain Barrier

Back 181

Prevents all but vital molecules from entering the brain. Some other things can enter, like drugs or alcohol

Front 182

Special Vessels

Back 182

- Aorta: largest diameter artery
- Great saphenous vein: Longest vein; used in coronary bypasses

Front 183

Lymphatic System

Back 183

- Functions: Maintain fluid balance in tissues, absorb fats from digestive system, fight infection
- Organs: lymph nodes, spleen (recycle used red blood cells), thymus (location for lymphocytes to mature), tonsils (if something taken in is bad, they signal the rest of the lymphatic system)

Front 184

Lymph

Back 184

- Interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic capillaries.
- Proteins, microorganisms, and absorbed fats.

Front 185

Lymph Ducts

Back 185

- Thoracic: drains 75% of body
- Right Lymphatic: drains 25% of body