Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Fetal Circulatory adaptations that make intrauterine life possible are the?
|
Umbilical Vein/Umbilical Ateries/ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
As a Group the B vitamins are?
|
Involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates/lipids/proteins. Essential for normal cellular metabolism. Water soluble substances
|
|
|
The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is?
|
Panthothenic acid
|
|
|
Newborns tend to develop water imbalance problems because?
|
Their kidneys can not produce concentrated urine
|
|
|
As an energy source body cell preferentially use?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
The greater omentum is composed of the?
|
Peritoneal membrane
|
|
|
The external genitalia of the fetus can be distinguished as male or female by which of the following periods after fertilization?
|
about 12 weeks
|
|
|
Fetal Circulatory adaptations that make intrauterine life possible are the?
|
Umbilical Vein/Umbilical Ateries/ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
As a Group the B vitamins are?
|
Involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates/lipids/proteins. Essential for normal cellular metabolism. Water soluble substances
|
|
|
The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is?
|
Panthothenic acid
|
|
|
Newborns tend to develop water imbalance problems because?
|
Their kidneys can not produce concentrated urine
|
|
|
As an energy source body cell preferentially use?
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
The greater omentum is composed of the?
|
Peritoneal membrane
|
|
|
The external genitalia of the fetus can be distinguished as male or female by which of the following periods after fertilization?
|
about 12 weeks
|
|
|
When nutrients are digested but are not taken in by the intestinal tissues the condition is called?
|
malabsorption
|
|
|
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the lover were severely damaged?
|
Lipids
|
|
|
Heartburn is usually caused by the effects of gastric juice on the?
|
esophagus
|
|
|
The term newborn refers to the period from birth through_____whereas the term infant refers to the period from_____?
|
The first 4 weeks;the 1st month to 1 year
|
|
|
The hormone called secretin functions to?
|
stimulate the release of pancreatic juice
|
|
|
A major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the?
|
inferior vena cava contains blood high in oxygen
|
|
|
The main part of the stomach is called the?
|
none of these
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide?
|
Sucrose
|
|
|
If a person has an ileostomy the contents of the alimentary canal will bypass the?
|
colon
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a characteristic of childhood?
|
becoming reproductively functional
|
|
|
The cells that are most dependant upon a continual supply of glucose are those of the?
|
Nervous system
|
|
|
The placental membrane is composed of?
|
a double layer of epithelial cells
|
|
|
The fat-soluble vitamins include?
|
vitamins A D K
|
|
|
The circulatory change that occurs in the newborn that allows it to stop mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is the?
|
constriction of the ductus arteriosus
|
|
|
As a rule a newborn tends to become?
|
dehydrated and its body temperature is unstable
|
|
|
Drugs ingested by a pregnant woman most likely reach her fetus by passing through the?
|
placental membrane
|
|
|
Intrinsic factor regulates the absorption of?
|
vitamin B12
|
|
|
The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine?
|
are replaced every few days
|
|
|
The circulatory change that occurs in the newborn that prevents it from mixing blood from the right to the left artia is the?
|
foramen ovale closes
|
|
|
Which of the following is (are) true in regard to the fetal stage of development?
|
the head is disproportionately large compared to the rest of the body at the beginning of the stage. It begins at the end of 8 weeks after fertilization. The organs are mostly formed although immature
|
|
|
Microorganisms promote the development of dental caries by utilizing carbohydrates and producing by-products that are?
|
Acid
|
|
|
A hiatal hernia is due to a weakness of the?
|
diaphragm
|
|
|
After birth the foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the?
|
right atrium to the left atrium
|
|
|
The mechanism of swallowing involves?
|
invountary reflexes moving food into the esophagus. Food being forced into the pharynx. Peristaltic contractions moving food through the esophagus
|
|
|
The condition called osteomalacia is caused by a deficiency of?
|
Vitamin D
|
|
|
Jaundice which is characterized by a yellowish tinge to the tissues is due to an increased blood concentration of?
|
Bile Pigments
|
|
|
Which of the following adult structures is not derived from the same primary germ layers as the others?
|
Nerves
|
|
|
Most commonly a blastocyst becomes implanted in the uterine?
|
Upper posterior wall
|
|
|
Plant proteins typically contain less than adequate ammounts of ?
|
essential amino acids
|
|
|
Which of the following vitamins is necessary for the production of?
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
If the blood vessels of the anal columns become enlarged the condition is called?
|
Hemorroids
|
|
|
The food substances most clearly associated with the development of caner is?
|
fats
|
|
|
As a rule during adulthood?
|
Skeletal muscles tend to lose strength. The skin becomes less elastic. The circulatory system becomes less efficient
|
|
|
During the defecation reflex the?
|
diaphragm is lowered
|
|
|
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids?
|
emulsification by bile. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane. Formation of chyloicrons. Diffusion into lacteal ducts
|
|
|
The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete?
|
Hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
The effects of sympathetic nerve impulses on the alimentary canal are______and parasympathetic impulses are______?
|
Inhibitory or slow down activity;stimulative or cause increases in activity
|
|
|
Kwashiorker is a condition that may develop in children who have dietary deficiencies of?
|
proteins
|
|
|
A premature fetus has an increased chance of surviving if it produces enough surfactant to aid the functions of its?
|
Respiratory system
|
|
|
The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to move from the?
|
pulmonary trunk into the aorta
|
|
|
Which of the following is a protein-splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice?
|
trypsin
|
|
|
Night blindness is most likely to be caused by a deficiency of?
|
vitamin A
|
|
|
Treatment with antibiotic drugs which interferre with the activities of intestinal bacteria is sometimes followed by a deficiency of?
|
Vitamin K
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of?
|
protein and fat in the small intestine
|
|
|
The direct cause of obesity is/are?
|
a positive energy balance
|
|
|
A protein deficiency may be accompanied by edema because of?
|
a decrease in plasma proteins and therefore a decrease in osmotic pressure
|
|
|
Which of the following is true in regard to bile?
|
none of these are true
|
|
|
The placenta is composed of tissues from the?
|
Mother and embyro
|
|
|
Which of the following vitamins has steroid hormonelike characteristics and promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine?
|
vitamin D
|
|
|
All of the essential amino acids must be present in the body at the same time for growth and tissue repair because?
|
The protein synthesis process cannot occur if they are absent
|
|
|
Dietary fiber seem to inhibit the development of colon cancer by?
|
promoting the movement of intestinal contents
|
|
|
The cells of a blastocyst that give rise to the body of the developing offspring constitute the?
|
inner cell mass
|
|
|
Gallstones are usually composed of
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that functions to transport blood from the umbilical vein to the
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
|
Which of the following provides a short-term energy source after cellular glucose supplies are depleted
|
glycogen
|
|
|
Tetrogens are substances that
|
cause congenital malformations
|
|
|
The major body part(s) derived from the ectoderm layer is/are the
|
nervous system and skin
|
|
|
The Valsalva maneuver is normally used to aid
|
defecation
|
|
|
As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to by-pass the
|
lungs
|
|
|
WHich of the following provides the main source of energy for a newborn during its first few days
|
fat
|
|
|
Following birth, the infant's netabolic rate,
|
increases and its oxygen consumption increases
|
|
|
The correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside is the
|
mucous membrane,submucosa,muscular layer,serous layer
|
|
|
WHich of the following are major functions of the liver
|
secretion of bile,blood filtering,storage of certain molecules
|
|
|
The salivary enzyme amylase functions to digest
|
carbohydrates
|
|
|
Which of the following best describes the numbers of blood vessels usually found in the umbilical cord?
|
two arteries and one vein
|
|
|
Which of the following would create a laxative effect?
|
increasing osmotic pressure of intestinal contents,preventing intestinal reabsorbption of water, stimulating intestinal peristaltic waves
|
|
|
One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
|
reabsorb water from chyme
|
|
|
In order to lose one pound of fat, a person's diet must provide a deficit of
|
3,500 calories
|
|
|
The major body parts derived from the mesoderm germ layer are the
|
muscle tissue,bone tissue,and bone marrow
|
|
|
A characteristic shared by all enzymes involved in protein digestion is that all are
|
secreted in an inactive form
|
|
|
The major body parts derived from the endoderm layer are the epithelial lining of the
|
urinary bladder and urethra,respiratory tract,digestive tract
|
|
|
WHich of the following is a function of the large intestine
|
absorption of water and electrolytes
|
|
|
Which of the following factors seems to stimulate a newborn's first breath
|
a low oxygen concentration,an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide,a decreasing PH
|
|
|
The liver utilizes fatty acids to synthesize
|
phospholipids,lipoproteins,triglycerides
|
|
|
The digestive functions of saliva include
|
acting as a lubricant during swallowing,digesting starch into disaccharides,dissolving food chemicals
|
|
|
Changes in anatomy and physiology during adolescence occur primarily by the influence of
|
hormones
|
|
|
The inner cell mass within a blastocyst is significant in that it
|
gives rise to the embryo
|
|
|
The condition called celiac disease involves an intestinal reaction to the presence of
|
gluten from wheat
|
|
|
WHich of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP and is involved in its utilization
|
magnesium
|
|
|
The AMerican Heart Assosciation recommends that the percentage of calories in a person's diet derived from fats should not exceed
|
30%
|
|
|
The allantois
|
form blood cells and give rise tot he umbilical arteries and vein
|
|
|
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for absorption of nutrients
|
mucosa
|
|
|
The Glycogen normally stored in the liver and muscle tissues is sufficient to meet the "at rest" energy demands of body cells for about
|
12 hours
|
|
|
The condition called acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of
|
trysinogen to trypsin
|
|
|
After birth, the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
|
true
|
|
|
The esophagus provides a passageway for substances from the larynx to the bronchi
|
false
|
|
|
Some factors that help to stimulate the newborn's first breath are increasing CO2 decreasing PH decreasing O2 decreasing temperature and mechanical stimulation
|
True
|
|
|
The cecum is located at the inf end of the ascending colon
|
False
|
|
|
The neonatal period of development extends from birth tot he end of one year
|
false
|
|
|
Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine would first pass into the duodenum then the jejunum and lastly the ileum
|
true
|
|
|
Childhood begins at the end of the first 4 weeks of development
|
false
|
|
|
If the caloric intake exceeds the output, a positive energy balance is said to occur
|
true
|
|
|
The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to by-pass the lungs
|
true
|
|
|
the gallbladder is connected to the common bile duct by the hepatic duct
|
false
|
|
|
Fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms tend to be transported away from the intestine by lymph
|
true
|
|
|
The implantation of an embyro is aided by digestive enzymes that the embryo secretes
|
true
|
|
|
The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension within the newborn's lungs
|
false
|
|
|
Fatty foods tend to remain in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods
|
true
|
|
|
A COmplete protein is one that contains adequate amounts of the essential amino acids
|
True
|
|
|
Some of the degenerative changes that begin during adulthood after age 30 are the skeletal muscles become larger, and the circulatory system becomes more efficient,very tight and stretched
|
False
|
|
|
The stomach is c-shaped and extends from the duodenum to the spleen
|
False
|
|
|
Bile is composed of HCL,pepsin,mucus, and intrinsic factor
|
False
|
|
|
The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine
|
False
|
|
|
Gram for gram, carbohydrate provides about twice as much energy as protein
|
False
|
|
|
Cholesterol functions in the body as an energy source, and furnishes molecular components for the synthesis of various sex hormones
|
false
|
|
|
The organs of the alimentary canal are innervated by sympathetic as well as parasymoathetic nerve fibers
|
true
|
|
|
The pyloric sphincter serves as a valve that controls the movement of food between the stomach and the esophagus
|
False
|
|
|
THe loss of teeth is associated with senescence and cannot be prevented
|
false
|
|
|
The paratoid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase
|
true
|
|
|
Linoleic acid is an essential acid
|
False
|
|
|
Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice
|
true
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa by the presence of fats, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum
|
True
|
|
|
The umbilical cord contains two umbilical veins.
|
false
|
|
|
The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eighth week
|
True
|
|
|
The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses
|
true
|
|
|
Receptive relaxationis related to peristalsis in that when peristalsis occurs, the muscular wall just ahead of the contracted ring relaxes
|
true
|
|
|
Cholesterol is synthesized chiefly in the liver
|
true
|
|
|
blastocyst
|
hollow ball of cells
|
|
|
embryonic disk
|
structure composed of 2 germ layers
|
|
|
Chorion
|
embryonic membrane that contracts the uterine wall
|
|
|
Morula
|
solid ball of cells
|
|
|
Hepatic lobule
|
funtional unit of the liver
|
|
|
Chylomicron
|
large molecule of lipoprotein
|
|
|
plicae circulares
|
circular folds in the wall of the small intestine
|
|
|
lacteal
|
lymph vessel in the villus
|
|
|
vermiform appendix
|
projection from the cecum
|
|
|
chyme
|
mixture of food and gastric juice
|
|
|
Frenulum
|
membrane that anchors the tongue
|
|
|
microvilli
|
projections from free ends of intestinal epithelial cells
|
|
|
Jejunum
|
section of the small intestine
|
|
|
adenoids
|
masses of lymphatic tissue
|
|
|
growth and development
|
increase in cell numbers and the process by which an individual changes from one life phase to another
|
|
|
placental membrane
|
exchange of nutrients and wastes between maternal and embryonic blood occur through this structure
|
|
|
fetus
|
stage of development from the eight week until the time of birth
|
|
|
senescence
|
the process of growing old culminates in death of an individual
|
|
|
adulthood
|
stage of development from adolescence to old age
|
|
|
Stimulates secretion of small intestine
|
distension of the small intestinal wall
|
|
|
sucrase
|
converts sucrose into glucose and fructose
|
|
|
villi
|
increae absorption of digested products
|
|
|
active transport
|
absorption mechanism for amino acids
|
|
|
diffusion and active transport
|
absorption mechanism for monosaccharides
|
|
|
Vitamin B1
|
needed for the oxidation of carbohydrates
|
|
|
vitamin A
|
synthesized from carotenes
|
|
|
Vitamin C
|
closely related to monosaccharides
|
|
|
vitamin E
|
an antioxidant
|
|
|
Vitamin K
|
needed for the synthesis of prothrombin
|
|
|
THiamine
|
required for pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle
|
|
|
niacin
|
functions as part of the coenzyme NAD
|
|
|
cyanocobalamin
|
acts with another B complex vitamin to promote production of normal red blood cells
|
|
|
ascorbic acid
|
needed for the production of collagen
|
|
|
folacin
|
plats a role in the fomation of myelin withing the central nervous system
|
|
|
pepsin
|
splits proteins into smaller molecules
|
|
|
cholecystokinin
|
stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
|
|
|
ferritin
|
storage form of iorn
|
|
|
maltase
|
splits maltose into glucoes
|
|
|
enterokinase
|
activates trypsinogen
|
|
|
Large fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are called
|
Kupfen cells
|
|
|
The esophagus passes through an opening in the daiphragm called
|
the hiatal orifice
|
|
|
The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the
|
ileocecal sphincter
|
|
|
The process by which bile causes the breakdown of fat globules into smaller droplets is
|
emulsification
|
|
|
the most common dietary lipids are fats called
|
triglycerides
|
|
|
Pyridoxine,pyridoxal and pyridoxamine are forms of bitamin
|
B1
|
|
|
Niacine can be synthesized in human cells from the essential amino acid called
|
tryptophane
|
|
|
The double layered folds of peritoneum that support portions of the small intestine are called
|
mesentery
|
