Anatomy Chapter 8 Joints

Front 1

What are gliding movements? Where do they occur?

Back 1

the simplest joint movements. Occurs when one flat or nearly flat bone glides or slips over another without angulation or rotation. Occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae.

Front 2

What do angular movement do? What do they include?

Back 2

increase or decrease the angle between two bones. May occur in any plane of the body and include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Front 3

WHat is a flexion movement? Give examples

Back 3

a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. Ex: bending the head forward toward the chest, bending the body trunk or knees to an angled position.

Front 4

What is an extension movement? Give examples

Back 4

the reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. Involves movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part. Ex: straightening a flexed neck, elbow or knee. Excessive extension is called hyperextension.

Front 5

What is an abduction movement? GIve examples.

Back 5

movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plan. ex: raising the arm or thigh laterally, spreading apart fingers or toes.

Front 6

What is an adduction movement? Give examples.

Back 6

the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline or in the case of digits toward toe midline of the hand or foot.

Front 7

What is circumduction movement? Give examples

Back 7

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space. the distal end of the limb moves in a circle . Ex: shoulder/hip joint

Front 8

What is a rotation movement? Where is it common?

Back 8

the turning of a bone around its own long axis. the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae and common at the hip and shoulder joints.

Front 9

What is supination and pronation?

Back 9

refer to the movements of the radius around the ulna (in anatomical position, the hand is supinated)

Front 10

What is inversion and eversion?

Back 10

special movements of the foot. In inversion, the sole of the foot turns medially. In eversion, the sole of the foot faces laterally.

Front 11

What is elevation and depression? Give examples.

Back 11

elevation means lifting a body part superiorly. Ex: the scapulae are elevated when you shrug your shoulders. Moving the elevated part inferiorly is depression. Ex: during chewing, the mandible is alternately elevated and depressed.

Front 12

What are the 6 distinguising features of a synovial joint?

Back 12

1. Articular cartilage 2. Joint (synovial) cavity 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments 6. Nerves and blood vessels

Front 13

Describe articular cartilage.

Back 13

glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces as articular cartilage. These thin (1mm or less) but spongy cushions absorb compression.

Front 14

Describe joint (synovial) cavities.

Back 14

unique to synovial joints, the joint cavity is just a potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid.

Front 15

Describe the articular capsule and its inner and outer layers.

Back 15

the joint cavity is enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule or joint capsule. The external layer is a tough fibrous capsule (composed of dense irregular connective tissue) which strengthens the joint so the bones are not pulled apart. The inner layer is a synovial membrane (composed of loose connective tissue) which covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage.

Front 16

Describe synovial fluid. What would happen without it?

Back 16

Synovial fluid: A small amount of slippery synovial fluid occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule. Provides a slippery weight-bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages. Without this lubricant, rubbing would wear away joint surfaces and destroy joint tissues.

Front 17

Describe reinforcing ligaments.

Back 17

Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlike ligaments. Most often capsular, or intrinsic, ligaments.

Front 18

Describe how nerves and blood vessels work with synovial joints.

Back 18

Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers that innervate the capsule. Some detect pain but most monitor joint position and stretch, thus helping maintain muscle tone. Synovial joints are also richly supplied with blood vessels, most of which supply the synovial membrane.

Front 19

Describe fibrous joints. What is the amount of movement depend on? What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Back 19

In fibrous joints, the bones are joined by fibrous tissue, namely dense fibrous connective tissue. No joint cavity is present. The amount of movement depends on the length of the connective tissue fibers uniting the bones. Most fibrous joints are immovable. There are three types of fibrous joints: suture, syndesmoses, gomphosis.

Front 20

Describe sutures. Where do they occur? What happens to sutures in middle age? What are closed sutures called?

Back 20

Sutures occur only between bones of the skull. The bone edges interlock and are filled in with a small amount of short connective tissue fibers. This allows the skull to expand as the brain grows. During middle age the fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. The closed sutures are now called synostoses. The immovable nature of sutures is a protective adaptation to prevent damage to the brain.

Front 21

Describe syndesmoses. What does the amount of movement depend on?

Back 21

In Syndesmoses, the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments which are cords or bands of connective tissue. The amount of movement allowed depends on the length of connecting fibers.

Front 22

How do syndesmoses work with the tibia and fibia and radius and ulna?

Back 22

the ligament connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula is short and only allows slightly more movement than a suture. On the other hand, the fibers of the ligament-like interosseous membrane connecting the radius and ulna are long enough to permit rotation of the radius around the ulna.

Front 23

What is a gomphosis joint? What is the only example?

Back 23

A gomphosis is a peg-in-socket fibrous joint. The only example is the articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket. The fibrous connection in this case is the short perodontal ligament.

Front 24

WHat are cartilaginous joints? What are the two types?

Back 24

In cartilaginous joints, the articulating bones are united by cartilage. Like fibrous joints, they lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable. There are two types:
synchondrosis and symphyses

Front 25

What unites the bones at a synchondrosis? Give examples of a synchondrosis joint.

Back 25

A bar of hyaline cartilage unites the bones at a synchondrosis, virtually all of which are synarthrotic. The best examples are the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children and the immovable joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum. These are temporary joints and eventually become synostoses.

Front 26

Describe symphyses. WHat does the fibrocartilage act as? WHat are these joints designed for? Give examples.

Back 26

In symphyses, the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage which in turn is fused to an intervenig pad of fibrocartilage which is the main connecting material. Fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber (it is compressible and resilent) and permits limited movement at this joint. These joints are designed for strength and flexibility. Examples include the intervertebral joints.