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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• List the bones associated with the axial and appendicular skeleton.
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Axial- Skull, Vertebral Column, and Rib cage
Appendicular- Pectoral & Pelvic Girdle, arm, and leg. |
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• Describe the location and function of the paranasal sinuses
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Lightens skull, Voice resonance, Mucus warms and humidifies air.
Frontal- forehead, Ethmoidial-behind eyes, Sphenoid- behind ethmoidal, and Maxillary-sides of nose |
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• Describe the location and function of the hyoid bone.
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Adam's apple area./moveable base for tongue Attachment pts for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx during swallowing and speech
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• List the type of vertebrae and know the number of each type of vertebrae
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Vertebral Column (26 irregular bones)
Cervical verbebrae 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum (5 fused vetebrae) Coccyx (4 fused) |
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• Describe the primary and secondary curvatures of the spine.
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Primary- thoracic (convex) and sacral (convex)
Secondary- cervical (concave) and lumbar (Concave) |
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• Describe scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis.
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Scoliosis- abnormal curvature that occurs most often in thoracic
Kyphosis (hunchback)- dorsally exaggerated throacic curvature Lordosis (Swayback)- accentuated lumbar curvature |
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• Know the parts of an intervertebral disc and describe a herniated disc.
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Nucleus Pulposus of disc- gives disc elasticity and compressiblity
Anulus Fibrosus- made of fibrocartilage Heriated discs- puts pressure on nerve root via compressed annulus fibrosus |
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• List and know the number of each type of rib.
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Ribs (12 Pair)- 7 true, 3 false, and 2 floating
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• Compare and contrast the three types of cartilage tissues.
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Hyaline- structure Nose
Articular Cartilage-lines end of bones Costal Cartilage Larynx Trachea Elastic Cartilage- bending Ear Epiglottis Fibrocartilage- compression Intervertebral Disc Meniscus of knee |
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• List the functions of the skeletal system
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Support-bony framework
Prtoection- brain, spinal cord, vital organs in thorax Movement- skeletal muscles Minreal storage- calcium and phosphate, continuous deposit and withdrawl Blood cell formation-hematopoiesis Red bone marrow Occurs in marrow cavities of some bones Triglyceride storage- stores energy in fat |
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• Know the parts and be able to label the structure of a long bone
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Proximal & Distal Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular cartilage, Epiphysial plate, periosteum, medullar cavity, spongy and compact bone, yellow bone marrow, perforating sharkeys fibers
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• Describe the functions of osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast.
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Osteoblasts- bone builders
Then turns into osteocytes- help maintain the matrix Osteoclasts- bone breaks down bone matrix, so blasts don’t keep building and building, in lacuna |
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• Describe the composition of bone
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Organic Components (35%)
Osteoid-organic part of matrix Collagen Fibers Responsible for flexibility and great tensile strength. Inorganic Components (65%) Consists mainly of mineral salts, calcium phosphates * tiny needle-like crystals in or around collagen fibers Responsible for hardness and resist compression |
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• List the location of hematopoietic tissue in children and adults.
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Newborns
Red Marrow in medullary cavity and in all spongy bone. Adults Red Marrow located in cavities in of spongy bone due to long medullary cavities containing the yellow marrow now. |
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• Be able to define and describe the process of intramembranous and endochondral ossification
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Intramembranous-Bone develop from a fibrous membrane
Formation of most bones of the skull and clavicles 1. Ossification center appears 2. Osteoid is secreted and calcifies 3.Woven bone and periosteum form 4.Red Marrow appears and Lamellar bone replaces woven Endochondral- during pregnancy 1.Bone collar forms 2.Cavitation of hyaline cartilage 3.Spongy bone forms and periosteal bud invades 4.Medullar cavity forms 5.Ossification completes and hyaline remains only in articular cartilage and epiphysal plate. |
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• Define and describe the types of bone growth.
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Interstitial growth – (Figure 6-10)
Growth in length of long bones at Epiphyseal plate Appositional Growth – growth in thickness of long bones, by stress |
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• Describe bone remodeling and how this process is regulated through hormones and mechanical stress.
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Hormonal control determines IF and WHEN bone remodeling occurs while the mechanical stresses determined WHERE remodeling occurs. Calcium levels fall causing parathyroid to release PTH, which triggers osteoclasts to degrade bone matric releasing calcium and restoring homeostasis.
Long bones are thickness midway along the diaphysis where the bending stresses are the greatest Large bony projections occur where heavy muscles attachFetal bones are featureless Bones of bedridden persons atrophy (wethered) |
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• Be able to classify bone fractures
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By position of bones after the fracture
Displaced- the ends no longer line up, surgery Non-displaced-ends line up By completeness of Bone Break Complete- all the way through the shaft Incomplete- not all the way By orientation of Bone Break Linear- up and down, vertical Transverse-diagonal By whether Bone penetrates Skin Compound (Open) Simple (Closed) |
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• Describe the most common bone fractures.
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Comminuted- 3 or more pieces, usually elderly
Compression- crushed, vertebral Spiral- twisting, from child abuse Epiphyseal-fracture in growth plate, Depressed- pushed in, usually in skull Greenstick- not broken all the way through(similar to breaking a twig) |
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• Describe the process of bone fracture repair.
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1. Hematoma forms.
2. Fibrocartilage callus forms 3. Bony callus forms. 4. Bone remodeling. |
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• Define osteomalacia, rickets and osteoporosis and describe the causes, treatments and preventions for each disorder.
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Osteomalacia= (“Soft Bones”)
Rickets- group diseases characterized by softening of the bones due to lack of Vit. D childhood disease analogous to osteomalacia Osteoporosis- Refers to group of disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone production Causes for women-Insufficient exercise to stress bones,Diet poor in calcium and protein,Insufficient intake of Vit K,Smoking which decreases estrogen levels Treatment-Suppliment of Vit D and calcium,Getting the calcium and Vit D in your body at younger age,Stop smoking or never start,Drink fluoridated water- hardens bones and teeth,Decrease intake of carbonated beverages- leeches minerals from bones,Wt. bearing exercise. |
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• Be able to classify joints structurally and functionally and be able to give examples of each type of joint.
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Functional Classification-Based on amount of movement allowed at the joint.
1.Synarthroses-immovable,Skull 2.Anphiarthroses-slight moveable,pubic symphysis, interverbral disc 3.Diarthroses- freely movable,-predominart in appendicualr sklelton Structural Classification-Based on type of tissue binding bones together and whether joint cavity is present 1.Fibrous Joint- no movement,bones joined by fibrous tissue,No join cavity,Most are synarthrotic 2.Cartilaginous Joints- limited movement,joined by cartilage,No join cavity 3.Synovial Joints-Articulating bones separated by a fluid containing joint cavity,All are diarthrotic |
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• Be able to label a general synovial joint.
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Joint Cavity
Articular Cartilage Articular Capsule a. Fibrous capsule– outer layer continuous with periosteum b. Synovial Membrane – inner layer; made of loose connective tissue Synovial Fluid - Decrease friction - Has phagocyte cells Reinforcing Ligaments |
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• Define and describe the function of bursae and tendon sheaths.
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Bursae
-Flatten sacs containg synovial fluid located in areas where muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments rub -function to reduce friction 2. Tendon Sheath Elongated bursa that wraps around tendon |
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• List and explain the structures that stabilize joints.
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1. Articular surfaces- how deeply they articulate
2. Ligaments- like slinky(once stretched never same again) 3. Muscule tones- amount of contratily reactivity in muscles - Muscles tones that cross the joints are the most important stabilizing factor |
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• Define and give examples of each type of synovial joint.
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Plane- Flat Surfaces, Intercarpel
Hinge-Convex bone fits into trough of another, Radius&Ulna Pivot-Rounded/conical end protrudes into a ring of bone. Radio/Ulnar joint Condyloid-Oval bone fits into concavity of another bone, metacarpel&phalange Saddle-Both bones have a concave and convex surface, carpel&metacarpel of thumb . Ball and Socket-Spherical head of bone into socket of another. Femur & acetabulum |
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• Define and demonstrate the actions allowed by each type of synovial joint.
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Plane-Gliding
Hinge-Extension/Flexion Pivot-Rotation Condyloid- Angular Movements Saddle-Opposition Ball and Socket- Multiaxial Gliding Movements-Flat articulating surfaces slip over one another Angular Movements Flexion – bending movement that decrease angle of joint Extension – bending movement that increases angle of joint Hyperextension – bending neck or waist beyond the upright position Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of Foot Dorsiflexion – bending foot upward Plantar Flexion – pointing toe down Abduction – moving limbs away from mid-line Adduction – moving limbs toward body mid-line Circumduction - moving a limb in a cone shape in space- shoulder,hip Rotation – turning a bone around on its own axis Supination vs. Pronation-Movements of radius around ulna,“Soup-ination” = palm toward sky Inversion vs. Eversion-Special movements of foot Protraction vs. Retraction-Jaw forward and back Elevation vs. Depression a. Elevation – lifting body part superiorly b. Depression – moving elevated body part inferiorly Opposition-Saddle joint allows opposition of thumb |
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• Define and describe the most common sport knee injuries
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Collateral Ligaments-usceptible to lateral blows/ happen first usually
Cruciate Ligaments- rotation Cartilage (menisci)- torn |
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• Be able to list/tendons that reinforce the shoulder joint.
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Tendon of biceps brachii muscle
Tendon of subscapularis muscle |
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• Be able to list the muscles that make up the rotator cuff.
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SITS
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis |
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• Compare and contrast sprain, cartilage tear and dislocation
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Sprain- reinforcing ligaments stretched or torn
Cartilage Injuries- Tearing of menisci of knee is common Dislocations- Bones forced out of joints |
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• Compare and contrast the different types of arthritis
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Acute arthritis: often bacterial treated with antibotics
CHRONIC ARTHRITIS-Osteoarthritis: wear and tear ( not inflammatory) Normal joint use causes breakdown of articular cartilage Rheumatoid Arthritis-Autoimmune disease; inflammatory Onset in midlife; more common in women Over time, scar tissue forms and joins bones together Gouty Arthritis-Uric acid crystals deposited into joints |
