Chapter 8- Joints

Front 1

Articulation

Back 1

site where two or more bones meet

Front 2

Functions of joints

Back 2

Give the skeleton mobility

Hold the skeleton together

Front 3

3 STRUCTURAL classifications of joints:

Back 3

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Front 4

3 FUNCTIONAL classifications of joints:

Back 4

1. Synarthroses – immovable

2. Amphiarthroses – slightly movable

3. Diarthroses – freely movable

Front 5

What are fibrous structural joints?

Back 5

The bones are joined by fibrous tissues

There is no joint cavity

Most are immovable

Front 6

3 types of fibrous structural joints

Back 6

sutures,
syndesmoses,
gomphoses

Front 7

What are suture joints

Back 7

Fibrous structural that:
*Occur between the bones of the skull
*Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective tissue fibers
*Bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth
*In middle age, skull bones fuse and are called synostoses

Front 8

What are syndesmoses joints?

Back 8

*Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
*Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
*Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna

Front 9

What are gomphoses joints?

Back 9

The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket

The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Front 10

What are cartilaginous joints?

Back 10

-Articulating bones are united by cartilage
-Lack a joint cavity

Front 11

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Back 11

synchondroses and symphyses

Front 12

What are synchondroses joints?

Back 12

-Cartilage joints
-A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
-All synchondroses are synarthrotic
-Examples include:
Epiphyseal plates of children
Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

Front 13

What are symphyses joints?

Back 13

-Cartilage joint
-Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
-Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility
-Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

Front 14

What are synovial joints?

Back 14

-Those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity
-All are freely movable diarthroses

Front 15

Examples of synovial joints:

Back 15

all limb joints, most joints of the body

Front 16

Synovial joints have the following:

Back 16

Articular cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments

Front 17

What are bursae?

Back 17

*flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid

Front 18

Where do you find bursae?

Back 18

*Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

*Tendon sheath – elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Front 19

Stability of a joint is determined by:

Back 19

Articular surfaces (shape determines what movements are possible)

Ligaments (unite bones and prevent excessive or undesirable motion)- not very stable

Front 20

Stability of a joint is also determined by:

Back 20

*Muscle tone is accomplished by:
-Muscle tendons across joints acting as stabilizing factors
-Tendons that are kept tight at all times by muscle tone
-Most important across joints

Front 21

Movement of Synovial Joints:
Two muscle attachments across joint are:

Back 21

Origin – attachment to the immovable bone

Insertion – attachment to the movable bone

Front 22

Synovial joint movement is described as:

Back 22

movement along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

Front 23

Synovial Joint ROM:
Nonaxial

Back 23

slipping movements only

Front 24

Synovial Joint ROM:
Uniaxial

Back 24

movement in one plane

Front 25

Synovial Joint ROM:
Biaxial

Back 25

movement in two planes

Front 26

Synovial Joint ROM:
Multiaxial

Back 26

movement in or around all three planes

Front 27

Gliding movements of joints:

Back 27

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface

Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae

Front 28

Flexion

Back 28

— bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint

Front 29

Extension

Back 29

reverse of flexion; joint angle is increased

Front 30

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Back 30

up and down movement of the foot

Front 31

Abduction

Back 31

movement away from the midline

Front 32

Adduction

Back 32

movement toward the midline

Front 33

Circumduction

Back 33

movement describes a cone in space

Front 34

Rotation

Back 34

-The turning of a bone around its own long axis

-Examples
*Between first two vertebrae
*Hip and shoulder joints

Front 35

Elevation & depression

Back 35

raising and lowering the jaw, rib cage

Front 36

Opposition

Back 36

touching thumb to fingers

Front 37

What are plane joints?

Back 37

-Articular surfaces are essentially flat
-Allow only slipping or gliding movements
-Only examples of nonaxial joints (in between carpals)

Front 38

What are hinge joints?

Back 38

-Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another
-Motion is along a single plane
-Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only

-Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints

Front 39

What are pivot joints?

Back 39

-Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
-Only uniaxial movement allowed

-Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

Front 40

What are condyloid or ellipsoidal joints?

Back 40

-Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another
-Both articular surfaces are oval
-Biaxial joints permit all angular motions

-Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

Front 41

What are saddle joints?

Back 41

-Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
-Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface

-Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Front 42

What are ball & socket joints?

Back 42

-A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another
-Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints

-Examples: shoulder and hip joints

Front 43

Knee joint

Back 43

-Largest and most complex joint of the body
-Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation

Front 44

3 joints in single knee joint cavity

Back 44

Femoropatellar joint
Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints

Front 45

Anterior cruciate ligament

Back 45

Attaches to ANTERIOR part of tibia. Keeps tibia from sliding forward.

Front 46

Posterior cruciate ligament

Back 46

Attaches to POSTERIOR part of tibia. Keeps tibia from sliding backward.

Front 47

Function of Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage) & Lateral meniscus

Back 47

Absorb shock

Front 48

Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

Back 48

-Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement

-Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Front 49

Elbow joint

Back 49

-Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only

-Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus

Front 50

Anular ligament surrounds what?

Back 50

Head of radius

Front 51

Ulnar collateral ligament attaches what?

Back 51

Ulna to humerus medially

Front 52

Radial collateral ligament attaches what?

Back 52

Ulna to humerus laterally

Front 53

Hip joint (coxal)

Back 53

-Ball-and-socket joint

-Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

-Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments

Front 54

Temporaomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Back 54

-Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone

-Two types of movement
*Hinge – depression and elevation of mandible
*Side to side – (lateral excursion) grinding of teeth

Front 55

What are sprains?

Back 55

-The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
-Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves
-Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair

Front 56

Cartilage injuries

Back 56

-The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
-Common aerobics injury
-Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

Front 57

What is a Dislocation?

Back 57

-Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
-Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization

Front 58

What is bursitis?

Back 58

-An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
-Symptoms are pain and swelling
-Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated

Front 59

What is tendonitis?

Back 59

-Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse
-Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis