Anatomy Chapter 26

Front 1

Nephros, renalis

Back 1

-kidney

Front 2

Organs of Urinary system

Back 2

-Kindeys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 3

Urinary system functions

Back 3

-Maintains purity of blood and other body fluids by disposing of waste products

-regulates blood volume and chemical makeup

Front 4

Urea

Back 4

-from breakdown of amino acids

Front 5

Uric acid

Back 5

-from nucleic acid turnover

Front 6

Creatinine

Back 6

-formed by creatine phosphate

Front 7

Kidneys -- External Gross Anatomy

Back 7

-Reddish brown color, bean shaped, retroperitoneal

-Lateral surface is convex, medial is concave

Front 8

Right kidney

Back 8

-Right kidney is slightly inferior to left (crowded by liver)

Front 9

Hilum

Back 9

-area where blood vessels, nerves pass

Front 10

Renal capsule

Back 10

-surrounds each kidney (dense CT layer) maintains shapes

-Cushioning by fat layers

Front 11

Cortex

Back 11

-Outer region of KIDNEY

-Renal corpuscles (filters)

Front 12

Medulla

Back 12

-Inner region of KIDNEY

Front 13

Medullary (renal) pyramids

Back 13

-base and apex (papilla); are striated (group of nephrons)

Front 14

Lobes of kidneys

Back 14

- Pyramid + Cortical tissue

Front 15

Renal sinus

Back 15

-space in medial portion of kidney, opening to hilum - contains renal vessels, nerves, fat, renal pelvis, and calices

Front 16

Renal pelvis

Back 16

-flat tube, superior portion of ureter

Front 17

Calyx

Back 17

-extension of renal pelvis, major or minor (cup-shaped tubes that surround papillae (apex) of the pyramids

Front 18

Arteries

Back 18

-Rich blood supply, around 20-25% of hearts systemic output

-Renal arteries deliver blood TO kidneys

-Each artery divides into 5 segmental arteries

Front 19

Veins

Back 19

-Trace artery pathway in reverse WITH THE EXCEPTION of lobar and segmental veins

-Renal veins exit kidney and empty into IVC

Front 20

Nerves

Back 20

-Renal plexus (SYMPATHETIC innervation)

Front 21

Uriniferous (renal) tubule

Back 21

-structural and functional unit of kidney

-crowded together into kidney

-surrounded by LOOSE CT (interstitial CT)

Front 22

2 major parts of the Uriniferous (renal) tubule

Back 22

-Nephron

-Collecting duct

Front 23

Nephron

Back 23

-major part of the uriniferous tubule

-formed by a renal corpuscle, promixal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

Front 24

Kidneys produce urine by?

Back 24

-Filtration

-Reabsorption

-Secretion

Front 25

Filtration

Back 25

-Blood filtrate enters nephron

Front 26

Reabsorption

Back 26

-nutrients, water, ions are returned to blood

Front 27

Secretion

Back 27

-undesired substances move from blood to urine

Front 28

Renal corpuscle (filtration)

Back 28

-Located in cortex

Front 29

Glomerulus

Back 29

-In renal corpuscle

-"ball" of capillaries with many pores

-Surrounded by glomerular capsule

-has filtration membrane

Front 30

Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

Back 30

-contains capsular space

Front 31

Filtration

Back 31

-filter between blood and capsular space

Front 32

Proximal convoluted tubule

Back 32

-Located in cortex, most active in reabsorption and secretion

Front 33

Loop of Henle

Back 33

-extends into medulla

-Descending limb

-Ascending limb

Front 34

Descending limb of Loop of Henle

Back 34

-THIN segment (narrowest part of nephron)

Front 35

Ascending limb of Loop of Henle

Back 35

-Portion of THIN segment

-THICK segment

Front 36

Distal convoluted tubule

Back 36

-Located only in renal cortex

-Performs some reabsorption and secretion

-Conserves body fluids

Front 37

Nephron classes

Back 37

-Cortical

-Juxtamendullary

Front 38

Cortical: Nephron class

Back 38

-located mostly in CORTEX (loop of Henle extends into medulla)

Front 39

Juxtamedullary: Nephron class

Back 39

-renal corpuscles are loacted at cortex-medulla border; have long loops of Henle

Front 40

Collecting Tubules (Ducts)

Back 40

-receive urine from many nephron

-Runs into medulla and combines with others to form papillary ducts, which empty into calices

-Site where ADH acts

Front 41

ADH

Back 41

-increases permeability of collecting tubules

-causes more water to be reabsorbed (concentrated urine)

Front 42

Ureters

Back 42

-One per kidney, approx. 25 cm long

-Carry urine FROM kidneys TO bladder

-Begins at level of L2 and runs retroperitoneally through abdomen and enters (true) pelvis to get to bladder

-Enters bladder obliquely (prevents backflow)

Front 43

Layers of Ureters

Back 43

-Mucosa

-Muscularis

-Adventitia

Front 44

What causes contraction of ureters

Back 44

-Distention causes contraction (peristaltic waves)

Front 45

Urinary bladder

Back 45

-Collapsible, distensible and muscular

-Stores and eliminates urine

Front 46

Urinary bladder location

Back 46

-inferior to peritoneal cavity, posterior to public symphysis

Front 47

Males (urinary bladder)

Back 47

-anterior to rectum

Front 48

Females

Back 48

-anterior to vagina uterus

Front 49

Detrusor muscle of bladder

Back 49

-contains muscular layer

-squeezes out urine

Front 50

Urethra

Back 50

-Thin-walled tube, drains URINE from body

Front 51

Urethra composition

Back 51

-Composed of smooth muscle and inner layer of mucosa (slightly different composition in males and females)

Front 52

Internal urinary sphincter

Back 52

-located between bladder and urethra, involuntary control

Front 53

External urinary sphincter

Back 53

-located at distal end of urethra, voluntary control

Front 54

Micturition

Back 54

-Emptying the bladder

-Detrusor muscle contract, assisted by abdominal wall muscles

-Controlled by brain

Front 55

Incontinence

Back 55

-inability to control micturition

Front 56

Renal calculi (kidney stones)

Back 56

-Minerals in urine crystallize

-Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter

Front 57

Pyelitis

Back 57

-infection of renal pelvis and calices

Front 58

Pyelonephritis

Back 58

-infection of entire kidney

Front 59

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Back 59

-genetic disorder

Front 60

Cysts (fluid filled sacs)

Back 60

-form and enlarge