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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How have animals adapted to the main canopy |
The main canopy holds essentials like fruit, nuts, and flowers. Considering this is 30-40m up, the monkeys had evolved by having strong gripping hands and feet and long tails for balance |
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How have animals adapted to the main canopy |
The main canopy holds essentials like fruit, nuts, and flowers. Considering this is 30-40m up, the monkeys had evolved by having strong gripping hands and feet and long tails for balance |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the functioning of the rainforest |
Longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’. This process provides water for the ecosystem |
Think about clouds |
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What kind of conditions does climate change bring to rainfall forests |
Drier conditions |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the functioning of the rainforest |
Longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’. This process provides water for the ecosystem |
Think about clouds |
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What are the three key stores that nutrients are transferred between, shown in the Gersmehl model |
Biomass, litter, and soil |
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What transfers soil to biomass |
Uptake pathway |
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How have animals adapted to the herb layer? |
Since only 2% of light gets here, animals have evolved by having dark camo to match the shade |
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What transfers litter do soil? |
Decay pathway |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the biodiversity of the rainforest |
Changes the climatic conditions (e.g. less rainfall) threaten the survival of plant and animals species, leading to invasion of non-tropical rainforest species more tolerant to the changing conditions |
Think about weather first, then animals |
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How has rapid population growth caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
Rising demand for housing and agriculture. |
How has |
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List from smallest to largest, the gersmehl model |
Litter, soil, biomass |
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How have animals adapted to the shrub layer |
Many rainforest species are camouflaged to match their surroundings |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the functioning of the rainforest |
Longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’. This process provides water for the ecosystem |
Think about clouds |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the biodiversity of the rainforest |
Changes the climatic conditions (e.g. less rainfall) threaten the survival of plant and animals species, leading to invasion of non-tropical rainforest species more tolerant to the changing conditions |
Think about weather first, then animals |
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List from smallest to largest, the gersmehl model |
Litter, soil, biomass |
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Why have tree roots been adapted to only grow in the top layer of soil? |
Because nutrients are only in the top layer of soil |
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How have animals adapted to the shrub layer |
Many rainforest species are camouflaged to match their surroundings |
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What are the three key stores that nutrients are transferred between, shown in the Gersmehl model |
Biomass, litter, and soil |
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How have lianas (plants) adapted to the rainforest |
Climb tree trunks to reach light |
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How have animals adapted to the main canopy |
The main canopy holds essentials like fruit, nuts, and flowers. Considering this is 30-40m up, the monkeys had evolved by having strong gripping hands and feet and long tails for balance |
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List from smallest to largest, the gersmehl model |
Litter, soil, biomass |
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What are the three key stores that nutrients are transferred between, shown in the Gersmehl model |
Biomass, litter, and soil |
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What are the three key stores that nutrients are transferred between, shown in the Gersmehl model |
Biomass, litter, and soil |
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What transfers litter do soil? |
Decay pathway |
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What are the three main factors that effect growth of ecosystems |
Precipitation, temperature, sunlight intensity and hours |
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What does the earth’s climate depend on as a source of energy which effects growing conditions |
Energy from the sun |
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What are temperatures at higher altitudes in comparison to lower |
Colder |
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In comparison, what are growing seasons in warmer climates |
Longer |
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How does rock ad soil type affect the distribution of large-scale ecosystems |
Differences can lead to different vegetation in the same ecosystem. |
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How does altitude difference affect distribution of large-scale ecosystems |
It can lead to different plants growing within the same ecosystem. |
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What is a biosphere |
A region of the surface and the atmosphere of the earth or another planet occupied by living organisms |
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Name the four main things supplied by the biosphere |
Food, medicine, building materials, fuel recourses |
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Name a medicine provided by the biosphere |
Poppies (morphine) to treat pain |
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Name some building materials provided by the biosphere |
Timber, state used for roofing and insulation, bricks (made from animals dung mixed with clay and straw), and wood |
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Name some fuel and resources from the biosphere |
Trees and shrubs, animal dung dried and burned, fermenting crops like sugar cane |
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Name some food produced by the biosphere |
Fish and meat, sustainable harvests (fruit berries nuts), natural vegetation can be replaced by wheat or rice |
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Name three reasons why marine ecosystems are important to the UK |
Tourism, energy, fishing |
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How many people visit the UK’s coastline each year, generating millions in income for the locals |
250 million |
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What methods does the UK use to create energy by the marine to help meet its Carbon target by not relying so much on fossil fuels |
Wind turbines |
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What does fishing provide for locals? |
Jobs and helps economy |
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What can the development of coastlines lead to the destruction of? |
Plant and wildlife habitats e.g. salt marshes |
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What is the cause of species moving into new areas, which may alter the food webb |
Climate change (pushed into city) and industrialisation (pushed out) |
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What does overfishing of species such as cod in the North Sea impact |
The wider ecosystem and damages the food chain, as well as the price of in this case code |
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What can fertilisation by farmers lead to? |
Eutrophication (excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water) from chemicals reaching the sea |
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What are biotic components of ecosystems |
Plants animals humans |
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What are abiotic components of ecosystems |
Climate, soil, water |
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How are biotic components used by tribes |
Hunting and small scale farming |
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How does leaching occur in the rainforest |
Heavy rainfall seeps into the soil, and takes nutrients and minerals with it as it moves down |
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Why is chemical weathering more effective in the rainforest |
Because of the moist, warm conditions |
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What are the three key stores that nutrients are transferred between, shown in the Gersmehl model |
Biomass, litter, and soil |
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List from smallest to largest, the gersmehl model |
Litter, soil, biomass |
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What transfers litter to soil? |
Decay pathway |
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What transfers soil to biomass |
Uptake pathway |
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What transfers the biomass to litter |
Fallout pathway |
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The tropical rainforest is the most productive large-scale ecosystem on Earth. Give three things that cause this |
• It has a complex layered structure, creating a range of wildlife habitats • there is a hot, wet climate all year, with no seasons • long hours of sunlight and warm temperatures are excellent for photosynthesis |
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Name from lowest to highest, the levels of rainforest. |
Herb layer, shrub layer, sub-canopy, main-canopy, emergent layer |
There’s five |
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How have animals adapted to the main canopy |
The main canopy holds essentials like fruit, nuts, and flowers. Considering this is 30-40m up, the monkeys had evolved by having strong gripping hands and feet and long tails for balance |
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How have animals adapted to the shrub layer |
Many rainforest species are camouflaged to match their surroundings |
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How have animals adapted to the herb layer? |
Since only 2% of light gets here, animals have evolved by having dark camo to match the shade |
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How have emergent trees adapted |
By growing up to 40m to reach above the canopy, to get more light for photosynthesis |
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How have lianas (plants) adapted to the rainforest |
Climb tree trunks to reach light |
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How have leafs evolved to the rainforest |
Have developed a thick, waxy cuticle, with drip-tips so water runs of them, to prevent mould growing and prevent leaves rotting |
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Why have tree roots been adapted to only grow in the top layer of soil? |
Because nutrients are only in the top layer of soil |
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Name three services of tropical rainforests |
Home to indigenous tribes, source of revenue (tourist attraction), and acts as a Caron store |
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How much CO2 does the tropical rainforest take in each year |
Up to 2 billion tonnes |
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What kind of conditions does climate change bring to rainforests |
Drier conditions |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the structure of the rainforest |
Long periods of drier conditions slow down the process of decomposition, reducing biomass store |
Think about the Gersmhel model |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the functioning of the rainforest |
Longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’. This process provides water for the ecosystem |
Think about clouds |
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What does the effect of climate change bring on the biodiversity of the rainforest |
Changes the climatic conditions (e.g. less rainfall) threaten the survival of plant and animals species, leading to invasion of non-tropical rainforest species more tolerant to the changing conditions |
Think about weather first, then animals |
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How has rapid population growth caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
Rising demand for housing and agriculture. |
How has |
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How has road building caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
To transport resources like iron ore timber. Or to join cities; often built without proper controls |
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How has mining caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
Rising demand and rising prices for minerals in rainforests, in particular Iron ore and in some cases gold |
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How has subsistence agriculture caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
Land cleaned to grow crops quickly loses its nutrients, so farmers clear more |
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How has illegal logging caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
High demand for timber in western world. As well as poor policing towards it |
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How has cattle ranching caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
Due to a growing population of the world. It needs a vast area of land; biggest causes of deforestation in the Amazon |
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What does thick layers of leaf fall each year create |
creates deep, fertile soil |
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Deciduous forests have slower leaching than in the tropical rainforest. Why is this |
Because nutrients move slowly through the soil |
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What does the herb layer do before larger plants |
Blossom earlier, before light is blocked |
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What do bigs and ponds do biotically |
Provide habitats for a range of plants and animal species |
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Name the four layers of a deciduous forest |
Herb layer, ground layer, sub-canopy layer, canopy layer |
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In the Gersmehl model, what goes from litter to soul |
Decomposition |
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In the Gersmehl model, what goes from soil to biomass? |
Uptake by plants |
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In the Gersmehl model, what goes from biomass to litter? |
Leaf fall |
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What characteristics of deciduous forests do not support biodiversity |
•Lower food production levels in winter •Smaller size ecosystem than rainforest, so less space for plant and animal species •Higher latitude = lower temp and fewer sunlight hours so not as efficient for photosynthesis or food production |
Name three |
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Name two characteristics that’s support biodiversity in deciduous forests |
• Have rainfall all year with four distinctive seasons, which leads to different adaptions by species • the ecosystem’s four layers create a range of wildlife habitats |
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How has oil palm plantations caused deforestation within tropical rainforests |
In demand as ingredient in foods and cosmetics, and as biofuel |
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How have animals adapted to the harsh winters in deciduous forests |
Birds migrate away from the UK to warmer conditions Squirrels store food, burying it in spring and summer to use in the winter Some animals such as hedgehogs hibernate in winter |
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How have trees adapted to conditions during autumn in deciduous areas |
By dropping their leaves in autumn to reduce transpiration and conserve water during cold winter conditions |
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What do trees do with their branches to get a greater aces to sunlight |
Spread their branches wide |
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How have leaves evolved to maximise sunlight in summer |
Broad, thin leaves absorb maximum sunlight |
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Why do deciduous trees have large, deep root systems |
For stability and to reach nutrients and groundwater |
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Give three services of deciduous woodlands |
• Acts as a carbon store • protects rare plant and animal species • regularly used for cycling, walking and horse-riding |
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What could milder winters mean for biodiversity |
It could mean that pests could survive in warmer conditions, causing a rise in diseases that could put vulnerable species in danger |
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What could increased periods of drought threaten and why? |
Threaten the survival of deciduous woodland trees because they become more vulnerable to disease |
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What does riding temperature and drier conditions due to climate change bring as a threat |
Increase in risk of forest fires |
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What is the problem with pesticides |
Woods often border farmland, so chemicals sprayed on crops can damage trees and other wildlife |
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What must be carried out before logging to establish areas that need protection by the Brazilian government |
A biodiversity survey |
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What comes as a result of wider car ownership |
More and wider roads |
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What comes as a result of overpopulation |
Destruction of woodland. Pressure on green belt |
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Why are conifers good for regrowth |
Faster growing, easier to manage, quicker return |
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Name some sustainable management of New Forest |
• new trees planted • work restrictions - between April and August to minimise disturbance to nesting birds • pesticides used are limited • landowners funded to plant native tree species |
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How many national forests, covering 16 million hectares are there in the Amazon |
31 |
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National forests belong to the state, so what do timber companies need to manage certain areas |
A grant of concession from the government |
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What are timber firms realising about undamaged forests |
They are commercial assets and can yield sustainable income |
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What are timber companies realising about ‘sustainable management’ |
That it can be more profitable than ‘clear all’ methods of timber extraction |
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Give two negatives of conventional logging (‘clear all methods’) |
👎🏻 the tropical rainforest is fragmented and species become endangered 👎🏻 for every tree cut down, 10-20 others are damaged |
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What are four pros to reduced impact logging/sustainable management how |
👍🏻 selected mature trees cut down 👍🏻 ‘seed’ trees are left to help quicker regrowth 👍🏻 direction of falling trees calculated to reduce damage to other trees 👍🏻 less fragmentation and quicker regeneration |
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How is the deciduous forest formed due to abiotic reasons |
Humans shape the deciduous woodland by walking, cycling, horse-riding and picnics |
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