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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stigma
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disgrace or defect, external or internal, diminshed self esteem, isolation & hopelessness.
US Airforce has helped to reduce |
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Adaptation
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balance between what people want to do and what they do, and what the environment requires on the other. depends on personal characteristics and nature of the situation.
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Adolph Wolfi
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commitment to mental assylum after molesting girls..express aspects of his mental life through "psychotic art"
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Maladaptive
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problem exists, vulnerability in the individual, inability to cope
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Exorcism
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abnormal behavior can be explained by the operation of supernatural & magical forces. remove evil spirits of the devil
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Shaman
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medicine man, learn which spirits are responsible for his or her problems, and what can be done to appease
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Trephination
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treatment for abnormal behavior, way of permitting demonic spirits to escape
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Hippocrates
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brain as the seat of the mind, brain as interperter of conscious
rest, bathing and dieting as theraputic approaches |
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Organism Point of View
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developed by Plato
behavior as the totality of psychological processes, behavior grows out os conscious with emotion and reason, power of ideas |
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Humors
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Galen, Greek physician
material world made up of four elements: fire, earth, air, water tath combine to form four essential body fluid or humors, that when imbalanced will cause disorder (blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm) |
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Saint Augustine
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groundowork for modern psychodynamic theories-feelings, mental anguish, conflict, introspection and exploration of the mind is valuable
Confessions |
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Johann Weyer
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psychological conflict and disturbed relationships as causes of mental disorders, treat people medically rather then theologically, separation of abonrmal psychology from theology
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William Harvey
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human circulatory system, relationships with pschological and physiological aspects of life.
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Baruch Spinoza
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psychological processes are in equal importance to the material processes of the natural world
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Physiognomy
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art of judging character, personality and feelings from the form of the body, particularly the face
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Phrenology
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Franz Joseph Gall studies the brain of different kinds of people...brain size and mental development are related. bumps on brain indicate underlying parts
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William Cullen
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neurotic behavior is caused by physical defects of the nervous system. organic explanation
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Franz Anton Mesmer
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special magnetic fluid that when released could cure and prevent all illnesses, hypnosis
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Benjamin Rush
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founding of American Psychiatry, work takes place in hospital to reliave blood vessels he believed were cause for mental illnesses, PA Hospital- first hospital to admit mentally ill patient
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Dorthea Dix
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32 mental hospitals instituted
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Clifford Beers
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National Association for mental health
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Interactional or Biopsychsocial approach
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maladaptive behavior needs to be considered in terms of biological, psychological and social variable
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Vulnerability
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how likley we are to respond maladptively in certain situations
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Resilence
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ability to function effectivly in the face of adversity
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Coping
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how people deal with difficulties and the attempt to overcome them. Each person has a particular set of resilence and coping factors that influence how well he or she adpats to life circumstnces
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Epidemiological Research
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occurrence of illnesses in populations, patterns and possible relationships bw maladaptive behaviors and certain populations of groups
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Incidence
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number of new cases of a specific condition that arise during a period of time
10 out of 1,000, rate is 1% |
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Prevalence
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frequency of occurence of a given condition among a certain population at a particular point in time
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Risk Factor
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statistically significant association between a disorder and some other factor, interpersonal, economic, criminality etc.
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Deinstitutionalization
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return of patients to community who condition is expected to remain for a while, based on concern of civil rights of individual and use of antipsychotic drugs
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Clinical Psychologist
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diagnose and treat personality problems that are not medical or organic in nature
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Counseling Psychologists
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life stress, vocational purpose
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Psychiatric Social Worker
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link between person who displays problamatic behavior and his or her home environment
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psychiatric nurse
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special training in the care of mentally ill patients psychotherapy and counseling
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Cognitive Steps to Health Seeking
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1) recognition of problem
2)deciding to seek help 3)selecting an available service for help |
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Observation data
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1)stimuli that elicit resposnses
2)subjective response to stimuli 3)behavioral response to stimuli 4)consequences of behavior 3) |
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Self Observation
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susceptible to personal bias, but useful in clinical research
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Descriptive Statistics
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numerical measures
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Inferential Statistics
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statistics used for judgement about the probability that the results are due to chance
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Case Studies
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detailed observations of a single person's behaviors, provide basis for hypothesis
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Correlational Studies
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relationship between two events but do not explain what factor causes what, provide bases for hypotheses correlation is not the samee as cause--other explanations for positive correlation
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Assessment Studies
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objective account of behavior at any given time, general approach to observing an interpreting behavior
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Longitudinal Study
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observe and record behavior of ppl over long periods, deals directly with developmental process
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Follow up Study
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initial assessment and then contaxcted again at a later time to see if there are any changes in their behavior
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Cross Sectional Study
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Survey, view status of one or more groups at any period in time. no follow up required
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Hypothesis-testing Experiment
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prediction based on a theory and conduction of experiment to see if the theory is correct
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Behavior Change Experiment
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development of theraputic techniques, rehabilitative
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Clinical Trial
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type of behavior change experiment
experiment designed to determine the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing the outcome of patients given the test treatment with those given control treatment , large # of subjects, placebo for both patients and doctors, costly |
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Efficacy-effectiveness gap
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diminshed effectiveness of treatment in the real world.
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Moderators
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circumstances under which treatment effects can occur
ex. ethnicity, age range |
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Mediators
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conditions that account for why a particular theraputic effect occurs
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Placebo
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inactive substance whose effect on person's behavior depends on his or her expectations
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Internal Validity
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results can be attributed to manipulation of independent variable rather then external or confounding variable
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External Valididty
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experiment mirrirs what happens in the real world
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Descriptive Statistics
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used to summarize observations
measures of central tendency- mean , median , mode |
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Measures of Variability
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Range, Standard Deviation
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Null Hypothesis
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theory that groups really do not differ
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Correlation Coefficent
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1.00: perfect association
-1.00: perfect negative 0: no relationship |
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Reactivity:
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changes in behavior when subjects know they are being observed or studied
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Demand Characteristics
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features of research situations that give subjects info about how they are supposed to behave
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Expectancy Effects
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researchers expectancies about what will happen in a given situation can influence their observations
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Biological Perspective
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all maladaptive behavior is due to a disordered body structure or function, inherited defect, defect acquired by injury, temporary physical malfunction
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Chromosomal Anomalies
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likely to produce abnormalties in the brain. karyotypes, maps of chromosones have assisted geneticists in identifying chromosomal anomalies
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Human Genome
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complete map of human genes
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Penetrance
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percentage of cases in which a specific gene is present a particular trait, characteristic or disease will actually manifest itself i the organism
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Heritability
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degree in which a particulr characteristic is affected by genetic influences, also depends on environmental influences
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Population genetics
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study of distribution of genes in groups of people who mate with one another
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Behavior Genetics
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study of the effecs of genetic inheritance on behavior
either analysis of family history or pedigree studies (assess the relatives of individuals to have a particulr trait to see if they have the trait as well- twins. monozygotic:identical twins, dizygotc:fraternal) |
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Concordance
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twin studies- twins described as concordance when they both share the same trait, relationship between twins and other family members in response to a given characteristic or trait
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Gene Expression
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gene becomes activated and effects behavior, genes predisposing schizophrenia may not be expressed under special environmental conditions, such as stress
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Nonshared environment
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unique relationships and life experiences of the child...birth order, age spacing, tempermant, schoolmates, teacher,friends..all other variables
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Neurons
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nerve cells with specialized functions
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CNS
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nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord
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PNS
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neurons connecting the CNS with glands, muscles and sensory receptors
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Somatic System
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transmits info from the sense organs to the muscles
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Autonomic System
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directs activity of glands and organs
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Neurotransmitter
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messengar chemical sent to nerve cells on dendtrites, chemical signal t oelectrical signal sends to axon.
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Cerebral Cortex
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controls distinctive human behavior
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Limbic System
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lower part of cortex, emotional and motivational functions, hypothalums
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Endorphins
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chemical receptors on neurons that respond to opiates, brain produces endorphins, chemicals that activate receptors drug addicion
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Neural Plasticity
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ability of the nervous system to change in response to stimuli. *enriched or deprived environmenmts influence intellectual and social development
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Neurogenesis
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production of new brain cells
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Adrenal Cortex
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STRESS response involving the pituitary gland and part of the adrenal gland of the adrenal cortex
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Corticotrophin-releasing factor
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substance released from the hypothalmus which goes to the pituitary to release another chemical (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) release adrenal corticosteroids to affect bodys response to physical and mental stress
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Neuroscience
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relationship between structure and function of the brain and human thoughts, feelings and behavior
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CT
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first neuroimaging technique applied to abnormal behavior, collected on x ray
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MRI
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measure brain anatomy visually and measure it quantitivly
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MRS
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permits the study of tissue chemistry and and matabolic function
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SPECT
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Single photon emission computed tomography
measurment of cerebral blood flow |
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PT
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most complex
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Neuropharmacology
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development of drugs for disorders that involve defects in brain chemistry and neural transmission
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Agonist, Antagonist
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inhinits or blocks neurotransmitter
distrupts action of neurotransmitter itself |
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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study of three body systems-nervous, endocrine and immune systems that communicate with eachother by sending chemical signals
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Psychodynamic perspective
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thoughts and emotions are important causes of behaviors. observable behaviors aew a function of covert events, Freud
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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make the unconscious conscious, understand the origins of actions, focus on events in early stages of life that give shape to current behavior
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Psychoanalysis by Freud
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patient recaptures forgotton memories without the use of hypnosis
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Psychic Determinism
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Fredud, all behavior is caused or determined by prior mental events. outside and private psychic world combine to determine all aspects of behavior
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Conscious
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mental life in awareness
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Preconscious
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not currently at the level of awareness but can be reached pretty easily
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Unconscious
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brought to awaremess only with great difficulty
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Libido
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hidden emotions are involved in human conflict, drives are known as libido, a form of psychic energy-deire for pleasure, especially sexual gratification
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Psychosexual Development
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first 5 years of life, libido focused on different erogonous zones in the body, apart of personality development, oral, anal, phalic (age 3- genital, agressive feelings towards parents)
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Genital Stage
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pleasure comes from a mature heterosexual relationship
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Fixation
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arrest in personla development caused by unresolved difficulties experienced at a particular stage
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Regression
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to adopt som eof the feelings or behavior of earlier, more satisfying stages
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Psychic Apparatus, 3 magor sources of danger for individual
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environment, id impluses, guilt
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Superego
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origins of guilt
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Primary Process Thinking
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thought processes of infant, inability to discriminate bw real and unrealm inability to inhibit impulses
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Pleasure Principle
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immediate satisfaction of needs
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Secondary Process Thinking
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reality oriented, characteristic of older children and adults, dependent on development of the ego, primary process thinking can still be present in the adult but only considered maladaptive behavior when it plays an overriding role in the adults life
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Free Association
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Freud, patients to express their thoughts and feelings as freely as possible during analysis- clearer picture of conflicts
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Carl Jung
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collective unconscious, genetic inheritence that contributes to our unconscious life, interest in spiritual qualities
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Alfred Adler
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people coul dbe changed for the better through the creation of social conditions designed to develop realistic and adaptive lifestyles, child rearing etchniques and early education of children
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Erik Erikson
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"mutual fit between the individual and the environment, additoinal qualities assigne dto the ego-trust, industry, love, intimacy, development is a lifelong process, psychological stages through the life cycle, must succeed at each stage
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Ego Psychology
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Erikson, more attention of process of perception, learning, thinking, ability to plan for th efuture then Freud
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Object Relations
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mind is made up of internal representations of significant others known as objects, emotional bonds bw one person and another
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Splitting
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capacity of an infant to divide a single object into good and bad- apart of maladaptive behavior
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Self Psychology
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Heinz Kohut, persons self concept is the central organizer of psychological developmen, maturation of the sense of self,
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Behavioral Perspective
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Watson, behavior is built upon the conditioning process, humans behave in accordance to the dictates of environment, learning-behavior as a product of stimulus-response relationships
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Determinism
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Psychoanalytic ,Behavior
every even or action is caused by what has happened before |
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Reinforcement
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Reward
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Classical Conditioning
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response an organism makes to a stimulis is transfere dto a new stimulus through an association bw the two
Ivan Pavlov salivation in dogs CS, UCR, UCS, CR avoidance or escape responses- electrical fence extinction- dissapearance of a previously learned response |
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Systematic Desensitization
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theraputic procude who goal is to extinguish conditioned response
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Operant Conditioning
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B. F Skinner
organism must make a particulr response before the reinforcement occurs, responses will occur relativly infrequently prior to being reinforced |
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Reinforcer
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an event whose occurence increases the probability that a stimulis will evoke a certain response, reward the indivudal for doing the right thing
Positive R- give something pleasent to increase proper response Negative R- take away something unpleasent as soon as the desired response occurs to increase probability of right response |
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Punishment
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unpleasent consequence for wrong response- way of chnaging behavior
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Shaping
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obtaining the desired response by reinforcubg successfully better approx of it
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Social Cognitive
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internalized beliefs, perceptions and goals influence th eimpact that experiences associated with conditioning and reinforcement have on behaior and thoughts, significant role of interpersonal relationships
envionrmnent impacts behaviors through the individuals thought processes |
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Modeling
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people able to learn by watching how other people do things
severe phobis can result from watching another person |
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Role Playing
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practicing behavior shown by a model, important learning technique
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Imlpicit Learning
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individual arranges memories of experiences into new patterns of thoughts.
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Albert Bandura
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social cognitive theorist
symbolic and cognitive aspects of learning we can forsee the consequences of our behavior |
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Cognitive Perspective
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concern with internal processes
PRESENT thoughts and problem solving strategies |
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Schema
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mental life
organize and guide social experiences, capable of distorting perception of reality, influence how we feel about ourselves and how we relate to others |
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Self-efficacy
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strength of our convictions about our personal effectiveness
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Aaron Beck
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schemas as a enduring cognitive structure
dysfunctional schemas concerning the self can reult in distortions-> maladaptive behavior Cognitive Therapy- replace maladaptive thoughts with thoughts that are more helpful in coping iwth stressful situations behavior change can be achieved through cognitive change |
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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Albert Ellis
behavior depends more on individuals belief systems and interpetations that objective conditions what is on a persons mind matters more then what one may have thought about in earlier years |
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Social Learning Approach
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learning thought to occur in observation os others behaviors
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Humanistic View
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self-actualization: the desire to be all that you can be
Carl Rogers optimal adjustment results in the fully functioning person-low anxiety undesirable environmental conditions are distrupters of self actualization |
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Existential View
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empasize self determination, choice and responsibilit of humans to rise above unfavorable conditions, logotherapy, philisophical, responsibility of the individual to rise above.
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Community Cultural Perspective
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maladaptive behavior results from inability to cope effectivly with stress, failure with social support system
Community Psychology- lack of social support systems can be just as responsible for abnormal behavior |
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Social Causation Theory
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poor envionmental conditions (schools, prejudice) increase stress experience by a vulnerable individual
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Social Selection Theory
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lower socioeconomic groups show greater incidence of maladaptive behaviorbecause ppl who do not function well ten dto experience downward social mobility
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Social Roles
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Particular functions that a person plays as members of a social group
Erving Goffman- all of our encounters with other ppl we adopt particular roles, we always attempt to project an image and there is no fixed personality |
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Rape
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classical conditioning situation in whish the threat of death elicits an automatic arousal of fear, any stimulus prsent suring the rape can ilicit this sense of fear- behavior therapy
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Bereavement
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loss of someone significant through that persons death, normal course of recovery is a year or more, when coping difficulties do not become easier then the person is displaying abnormal behavior
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Grief
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emotional or affective response to the losee
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Adjustment Disorder
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someone who has not adapted well to one or more stressors that have occured in the previous 3 months
ex, depression, anxiety, distrupted sleep patterns *severity of the disorder is not directly proprtional to severity of the stressor |
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Acute Stress Disorder
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reaction to extremely traumatic stressor, marked by symotoms of dissociation, subjective sense of numbness, detachment, absence of emotional responses, persistently reexperience the traums
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Dissociative Amnesia
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extenisive but selective memory loss in the absence of indications of organic change
-usually precipitated by a physical accident or emotional traums, unity of consciousness is illusor, our attention is uslaly divided among two or more streams of thoughts. |
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Dissociative Fugue
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travel away from home, assumption of a new identity, and inability to recall previous identity-set up a new life.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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multiple personality
individual assumes alternate personalities with separate memories and typical behaviors0linkage to traumatic childhood experienes, more demale. **many dissociate disorders are thought to be a psychological adaption to traumatic experiences in early childhood. personalities are sources of self protection, create new self to handle the stressor |
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Depersonalization
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change in self perception person's sense of reality is temporarily lost or changed, feel as though they are in a dream, loss of sanity
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Supportive Therapy
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therapists listens sympathetically and provides encouragement, client -therapst relationship- supportive environment to engage in problem solving
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Relaxation training
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wide variety of stress related problems focus attention on muscle groups
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Sysrematic Desentization
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combination of relaxation training and a hierarch of anxiety-producing stimuli to gradually eliminate the fear of a specific situation
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Cognitive Modification
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learning new internal dialogues and new ways of thinking about situations and ones self-productive promblem solving
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Social Intervention
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attmpt to modify clients home or work envionrment (family therapy)
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Eye Movement desentization & Reprocessing
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type of imaginal exposure in which individual focuses attention on trauatic memory while simultaneously tracing the therapistsfinger as it is moved in their visual field.
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Disease Model
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diseases are not facts while symptoms are, abnormal behavior is a disease
Kraplain study of psypoltic infection reinforces this |
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3 models of abnormal behavior
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disease, learned maladaptive bahavior, biological predisposition and environment
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Function of Behavior
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asks why people do what they o
behavior is developed because of problem of adjustment, throughout life we seek satisfaction for our needs wit hthe body equipment that we have in the world in which we live. |
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Body Equiment
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Sensory, Integrated, Motor
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Biological Makeup affected by
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genes, prenatial, biological processes
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Limited response capacity
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youth is naturally dependednt, learn to recognize that caregiver is associated with needs, get along wit hcaregiver
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Sress
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situational environmental situation of pressure in which we call into question view of self
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Anxiety
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state of tension, physiological changes, danger signals
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Conflict
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internal state of irreconsiable response tendencies, must change concept of self to adjust must alter self view
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primary Defense Mechanisms
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repression, denial
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Secondary Defense Mechanisms
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protect oneself buildupon primary, DISTORT REALITY
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Predisposing Stress
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any stress resulting from use of defense mechanisms
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Operationalism
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defining bhevaior in terms of what you can see
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Origin of Common Stress
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Cultural, Biological, Combination
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Biological Factors for dealing with environmental tasks
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can be either present at birth disease or though accidents phineus b gage
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Cross Cultural Studies, find behavior that is abnormal in al cultures stress varies in terms of
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intensity, kind
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never get rid of
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early learned behavior
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for therapy to be successful
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must determine a relationship between factors
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Holingshead and Relic
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new haven lower class usually labeled psycghotic custodial care
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earlier the loss of the parent =
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the more stress
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younger you are when loss of parent
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=more stress
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Magical Thinking
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event happens that child had been thinkg about, think they caused it because of their thoughts
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Anniversary Reaction
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intellectual reasoning of non conscious
figural cues, peripheral cues trigger past emotions |
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Identification
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non conscious process through which attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are aquired, can take place any time, want to be like that wit hwhich you identify
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Learning Theory
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once behavior occurs you can never completely get rid of it
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Overprotevtive
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overdependent
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Overindulgent
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spoiled
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punitive authoritarian
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institutions, apathetic, submissive
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beign neglect
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self destructive wild r independednt dependent on chance ecounters
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importance of consistency
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more consistent, world is more predictible, chlidis more secure
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DSM
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origin of labels
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models
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generalized theory thaht cuts across disciplines and utilized when attempting to understand whats going on
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models of age
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look for understanding and who is responsible for conditions
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